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Related Concept Videos

Knee Joint01:23

Knee Joint

The knee joint is the most complicated joint in the body. It consists of three articulations– two tibiofemoral and one patellofemoral. As is characteristic of synovial joints, the knee joint has a thin articular capsule that partially surrounds this joint cavity. Additionally, several ligaments, muscles, and cartilaginous structures support the movement of the knee.
A total of seven ligaments support the knee joint. The patellar ligament, which is also attached to the quadriceps femoris group...
Ankle Joint01:10

Ankle Joint

The ankle is formed by the talocrural joint (crural = leg). It consists of the articulations between the talus bone of the foot and the distal ends of the tibia and fibula of the leg. The superior aspect of the talus bone is square-shaped and has three areas of articulation. The top of the talus articulates with the inferior tibia. This is the portion of the ankle joint that carries the body weight between the leg and foot. The sides of the talus are firmly held in position by the articulations...
Functional Classification of Joints01:09

Functional Classification of Joints

Functional Classification of Joints
The functional classification of joints is determined by the amount of mobility between the adjacent bones. Joints are functionally classified as a synarthrosis or immobile joint, an amphiarthrosis or slightly moveable joint, or as a diarthrosis, a freely moveable joint. Fibrous and cartilaginous joints can be functionally classified as either synarthroses  or amphiarthroses, whereas all synovial joints are classified as diarthroses.
Synarthrosis
An immobile...
Method of Joints: Problem Solving II01:30

Method of Joints: Problem Solving II

Consider a truss structure with frictionless joints fixed to a wall and roller support. If a force of 150 N is applied to joint A, the forces in each member of the truss can be determined using the method of joints.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 2, 2026

In Vitro Application of a Wireless Sensor in Flexion-Extension Gap Balance of Unicompartmental Knee Arthroplasty
07:33

In Vitro Application of a Wireless Sensor in Flexion-Extension Gap Balance of Unicompartmental Knee Arthroplasty

Published on: May 5, 2023

A reciprocal connection factor for assessing knee-joint function.

Wangdo Kim1, Sean S Kohles

  • 1Biomechanics Laboratory, Faculty of Human Kinetics, Technical University of Lisbon, Estrada da Costa, 1495-688 Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal. mwdkim@gmail.com

Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering
|April 15, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a new method to understand knee joint mechanics using the instantaneous screw axis (ISA). It provides a single factor to assess knee function after surgery and rehabilitation.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 2, 2026

In Vitro Application of a Wireless Sensor in Flexion-Extension Gap Balance of Unicompartmental Knee Arthroplasty
07:33

In Vitro Application of a Wireless Sensor in Flexion-Extension Gap Balance of Unicompartmental Knee Arthroplasty

Published on: May 5, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Biomechanics
  • Orthopedics
  • Knee Joint Kinematics and Kinetics

Background:

  • Knee joint kinetics and kinematics involving ligamentous and articular tissues are not fully understood.
  • Geometric changes affecting knee motion, particularly after surgery, require further explanation.
  • The instantaneous screw axis (ISA) provides a method to characterize joint behavior based on forces from ligaments, articular contacts, and muscles.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a theoretical foundation for understanding the control of the instantaneous screw axis (ISA) in the knee joint.
  • To elucidate the role of ligaments, articular surfaces, and muscles in controlling knee joint motion.
  • To introduce a clinical tool for quantitative assessment of knee joint treatment outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • Application of d'Alembert's principle to reduce dynamic problems to static scenarios, enabling the use of screws in biomechanics.
  • Utilizing the principle of reciprocity to link kinetic and kinematic analyses.
  • Modeling the knee as a five-constraint, one-degree-of-freedom parallel spatial mechanism.

Main Results:

  • Demonstration that the normal contact force and cruciate ligament lines of action intersect at the joint's center of rotation in a standard four-bar linkage model.
  • Theoretical framework established to explain the control of the ISA by various knee joint structures.
  • Development of the reciprocal connection factor for evaluating knee kinematics and kinetics.

Conclusions:

  • The study provides a theoretical basis for understanding knee joint biomechanics and the ISA.
  • The reciprocal connection factor offers a simple, quantitative measure for assessing knee function and treatment outcomes.
  • This approach can aid in evaluating the effectiveness of knee joint treatments and rehabilitation strategies.