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Poliomyelitis is caused by poliovirus, a small, non-enveloped, positive-sense RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family and Enterovirus genus. Transmission occurs primarily via the fecal-oral route, often through ingestion of contaminated water or food. The virus initially replicates in the oropharynx and intestinal mucosa, particularly in lymphoid tissues such as the tonsils, Peyer’s patches, and regional lymph nodes. Primary viremia follows, allowing dissemination throughout the body.In most...
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Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a widespread pathogen that primarily targets infants and young children but also poses a serious health risk to elderly and immunocompromised individuals. Belonging to the Pneumoviridae family, RSV is a negative-sense, single-stranded RNA virus within the Pneumovirus genus. Its global health burden is significant, with millions of cases annually resulting in hospitalizations and mortality, particularly in resource-limited settings. Although most...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 2, 2026

Constructing Mutants in Serotype 1 Streptococcus pneumoniae strain 519/43
06:06

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Published on: September 11, 2020

Serotype replacement in disease after pneumococcal vaccination.

Daniel M Weinberger1, Richard Malley, Marc Lipsitch

  • 1Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA. weinbergerdm@mail.nih.gov

Lancet (London, England)
|April 16, 2011
PubMed
Summary

The heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) reduced disease but increased non-vaccine serotypes (NVTs). Serotype replacement in disease is less than in carriage due to NVT invasiveness and surveillance biases.

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Last Updated: Jun 2, 2026

Constructing Mutants in Serotype 1 Streptococcus pneumoniae strain 519/43
06:06

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Published on: September 11, 2020

Capsular Serotyping of Streptococcus pneumoniae Using the Quellung Reaction
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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Immunology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) significantly reduced pneumococcal disease burden.
  • Concerns exist regarding increased prevalence of non-vaccine serotypes (NVTs) due to PCV7's limited serotype coverage.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review evidence for serotype replacement in pneumococcal carriage and disease post-PCV7 vaccination.
  • To address surveillance biases affecting findings on serotype replacement.
  • To discuss reasons for discrepancies between NVT carriage and disease prevalence.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing evidence on pneumococcal serotype replacement.
  • Analysis of carriage and disease surveillance data.
  • Assessment of potential biases in data collection and interpretation.

Main Results:

  • NVTs have substantially increased in asymptomatic carriers, with little net change in overall carriage prevalence.
  • Pneumococcal disease caused by NVTs has increased in many populations, but generally less than NVT carriage increase.
  • Discrepancies attributed to lower invasiveness of replacing serotypes and surveillance biases.

Conclusions:

  • Serotype replacement in disease is partially explained by lower NVT invasiveness and surveillance biases.
  • Continued surveillance is crucial to monitor future serotype replacement trends in pneumococcal disease.