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Updated: Jun 2, 2026

Physiological Recordings of High and Low Output NMJs on the Crayfish Leg Extensor Muscle
Published on: November 17, 2010
Sequential synaptic excitation and inhibition shape readiness discharge for voluntary behavior
Katsushi Kagaya1, Masakazu Takahata
1Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan. kagaya@sci.hokudai.ac.jp
Abstract:
How do animals initiate voluntary behavior? A key phenomenon in neuroscience is the readiness or preparatory neural activity in specific regions of the animal brain. The neurons and synaptic mechanisms mediating this activity are unknown. We found that the readiness discharge is shaped by sequential synaptic excitation and inhibition in the brain of crayfish (Procambarus clarkii). The readiness discharge neurons extended axon collaterals that appeared to activate recurring local interneurons. Therefore, we propose that the readiness discharge is formed by sequential synaptic events within the brain without feedback signals from downstream ganglia. The circuit involved is suited for signal processing for self-generated voluntary initiation of behavior.
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