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Related Concept Videos

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:13

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different types of cells. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are post-mitotic—that is, they no longer divide. However, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they “de-differentiate” and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are also pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are therefore called induced pluripotent stem...
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:06

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different cell types. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are terminally differentiated; however, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they dedifferentiate and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).
Somatic cells are...
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:13

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different types of cells. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are post-mitotic—that is, they no longer divide. However, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they “de-differentiate” and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are also pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are therefore called induced pluripotent stem...
iPS Cell Differentiation01:22

iPS Cell Differentiation

The ability of induced pluripotent stem cells or iPSCs to differentiate into most body cell types has stimulated repair and regenerative medicine research over the past few decades. iPSC-derived blood cells, hepatocytes, beta islet cells, cardiomyocytes, neurons, and other cell types can repair injuries or regenerate damaged tissue in diseases such as diabetes and neurodegenerative disorders.
Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012 for this...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 2, 2026

Establishment of an Electrophysiological Platform for Modeling ALS with Regionally-Specific Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Astrocytes and Neurons
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Neural induction and patterning in Mammalian pluripotent stem cells.

Fumitaka Osakada1, Masayo Takahashi

  • 1Systems Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey, Pines Road, La Jolla, California, 92037, USA. fosakada@salk.edu

CNS & Neurological Disorders Drug Targets
|April 19, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells can differentiate into any cell type, mirroring embryonic development. This review explores controlling neural differentiation in stem cells for therapeutic and research applications.

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10:47

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Published on: October 28, 2011

Area of Science:

  • Stem cell biology
  • Developmental biology
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Embryonic stem (ES) cells originate from blastocysts, while induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells are reprogrammed somatic cells.
  • Both ES and iPS cells possess pluripotency, capable of differentiating into all cell types and self-renewing indefinitely in culture.
  • In vitro differentiation of these stem cells mimics in vivo embryogenesis, offering models for development and disease.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the spatiotemporal control of neural differentiation in mammalian pluripotent stem cells.
  • To emphasize the relationship between in vivo embryogenesis and in vitro stem cell differentiation.
  • To outline retinal differentiation from ES and iPS cells.

Main Methods:

  • Controlled neural induction using signaling pathways like bone morphogenetic protein (BMP), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), and Wnt.
  • Neural patterning guided by exogenous signals including Wnt, BMP, Shh, FGF, and retinoic acid.
  • Comparison of in vitro stem cell differentiation with in vivo embryogenesis.

Main Results:

  • ES and iPS cells differentiate into diverse neural cell types corresponding to embryonic axes (anterior-posterior, dorsal-ventral).
  • Signaling pathways and patterning signals effectively control neural fate acquisition and cell-type specification.
  • Stem cell differentiation systems recapitulate key aspects of neural development.

Conclusions:

  • Stem cell culture systems provide valuable tools for cell replacement therapy, disease modeling, and drug testing.
  • Understanding and controlling neural differentiation is crucial for harnessing stem cell potential.
  • Further research into stem cell differentiation, including retinal development, holds significant therapeutic promise.