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Related Concept Videos

Olfaction01:25

Olfaction

The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
The olfactory receptors are embedded in the cilia of the...
Calmodulin-dependent Signaling01:16

Calmodulin-dependent Signaling

Calmodulin (CaM) is a calcium-binding protein in eukaryotes that controls various calcium-regulated cellular processes. It has four calcium-binding sites that bind calcium to form the calcium-calmodulin ( Ca2+-CaM) complex. GPCR stimulation increases the calcium levels in the cells that bind to CaM and induces a conformational change.
The Ca2+-CaM complex does not have enzymatic activity by itself. Instead, the complex binds downstream target proteins, including membrane proteins or enzymes,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 7, 2026

Calcium Imaging of Odor-evoked Responses in the Drosophila Antennal Lobe
09:00

Calcium Imaging of Odor-evoked Responses in the Drosophila Antennal Lobe

Published on: March 14, 2012

An exciting calcium sensor for smell.

Natalia L Kononenko1, Volker Haucke

  • 1Freie Universität Berlin, NeuroCure Cluster of Excellence, Charité Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany.

Cell
|April 19, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Neural activity regulates insulin-like growth factor (IGF) secretion via synaptotagmin-10. This process is crucial for forming olfactory sensory maps and the sensation of smell.

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Olfactory system
  • Molecular signaling

Background:

  • Sensory map formation in the olfactory bulb is vital for smell perception.
  • Insulin-like growth factor (IGF) signaling plays a key role in this process.

Discussion:

  • Neuronal secretion of IGF is modulated by neural activity.
  • Synaptotagmin-10 acts as a calcium sensor regulating IGF release.
  • This mechanism is essential for olfactory bulb function.

Key Insights:

  • Neural activity controls IGF secretion through synaptotagmin-10.
  • IGF signaling in the olfactory bulb is necessary for smell.
  • Establishes a link between neural activity, molecular signaling, and sensory perception.

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Imaging Neuronal Responses in Slice Preparations of Vomeronasal Organ Expressing a Genetically Encoded Calcium Sensor
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Imaging Neuronal Responses in Slice Preparations of Vomeronasal Organ Expressing a Genetically Encoded Calcium Sensor

Published on: December 6, 2011

Imaging Calcium Responses in GFP-tagged Neurons of Hypothalamic Mouse Brain Slices
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Imaging Calcium Responses in GFP-tagged Neurons of Hypothalamic Mouse Brain Slices

Published on: August 24, 2012

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 7, 2026

Calcium Imaging of Odor-evoked Responses in the Drosophila Antennal Lobe
09:00

Calcium Imaging of Odor-evoked Responses in the Drosophila Antennal Lobe

Published on: March 14, 2012

Imaging Neuronal Responses in Slice Preparations of Vomeronasal Organ Expressing a Genetically Encoded Calcium Sensor
11:26

Imaging Neuronal Responses in Slice Preparations of Vomeronasal Organ Expressing a Genetically Encoded Calcium Sensor

Published on: December 6, 2011

Imaging Calcium Responses in GFP-tagged Neurons of Hypothalamic Mouse Brain Slices
09:14

Imaging Calcium Responses in GFP-tagged Neurons of Hypothalamic Mouse Brain Slices

Published on: August 24, 2012

Outlook:

  • Further research into IGF regulation could reveal new therapeutic targets for olfactory disorders.
  • Understanding synaptotagmin-10's role may offer insights into other neural activity-dependent signaling pathways.
  • Investigating IGF's broader role in brain development and function.