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Flow Cytometry01:23

Flow Cytometry

The development of flow cytometry techniques began in 1934 with initial attempts by Andrew Moldavan, a bacteriologist who counted the cells in a flowing capillary system. Moldavan pumped cells through a capillary tube focused under a microscope for visualization. The invention of photometry allowed the measurement of differentially-stained cells, and Louis Kamentsky developed the first multiparameter flow cytometer in 1965 to identify and count the cancer cells in cervical tissue specimens.
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Centrifugation is a separation technique based on differences in density or size. It is commonly used to separate solids from aqueous interferents. During centrifugation, the sample is placed in centrifugation tubes and spun at high angular velocity, which allows centrifugal force to act differentially on the different densities or masses of the components. After spinning, the supernatant liquid is decanted. Depending on the specific application, either the pellet or the supernatant is retained...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 2, 2026

Determination of the Settling Rate of Clay/Cyanobacterial Floccules
06:00

Determination of the Settling Rate of Clay/Cyanobacterial Floccules

Published on: June 11, 2018

Method for quantitative analysis of flocculation performance.

Ian C Tse1, Karen Swetland, Monroe L Weber-Shirk

  • 1School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.

Water Research
|April 19, 2011
PubMed
Summary

A new method using the flocculation residual turbidity analyzer (FReTA) quantifies flocculation performance by measuring sedimentation velocity and residual turbidity. This allows for better water treatment plant process design and operation.

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Procedure to Evaluate the Efficiency of Flocculants for the Removal of Dispersed Particles from Plant Extracts
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Procedure to Evaluate the Efficiency of Flocculants for the Removal of Dispersed Particles from Plant Extracts

Published on: April 9, 2016

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 2, 2026

Determination of the Settling Rate of Clay/Cyanobacterial Floccules
06:00

Determination of the Settling Rate of Clay/Cyanobacterial Floccules

Published on: June 11, 2018

Procedure to Evaluate the Efficiency of Flocculants for the Removal of Dispersed Particles from Plant Extracts
10:37

Procedure to Evaluate the Efficiency of Flocculants for the Removal of Dispersed Particles from Plant Extracts

Published on: April 9, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Water Treatment
  • Environmental Engineering
  • Colloid and Surface Chemistry

Background:

  • Sedimentation rate and residual turbidity are key parameters in water treatment flocculation processes.
  • Optimizing these parameters is crucial for efficient water purification and plant operation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce a novel method for quantitatively comparing flocculation performance.
  • To analyze sedimentation velocity distribution and post-sedimentation residual turbidity.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing the flocculation residual turbidity analyzer (FReTA) to record turbidity during quiescent settling.
  • Calculating sedimentation velocity distributions from turbidity data.
  • Applying a modified gamma distribution to determine mean and variance of sedimentation velocity and residual turbidity.

Main Results:

  • The FReTA method provides quantitative data on sedimentation velocity distribution.
  • Residual turbidity after settling can be accurately determined.
  • The analysis allows for comparison of flocculator operating conditions' impact on floc properties.

Conclusions:

  • This new analysis method offers a robust tool for evaluating flocculation efficiency.
  • It enables a deeper understanding of how operating conditions influence floc characteristics.
  • Improved process design and operation in water treatment plants can be achieved.