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Related Concept Videos

Fixing Double-strand Breaks02:04

Fixing Double-strand Breaks

The double-stranded structure of DNA has two major advantages. First, it serves as a safe repository of genetic information where one strand serves as the back-up in case the other strand is damaged. Second, the double-helical structure can be wrapped around proteins called histones to form nucleosomes, which can then be tightly wound to form chromosomes. This way, DNA chains up to 2 inches long can be contained within microscopic structures in a cell. A double-stranded break not only damages...
Fixing Double-strand Breaks02:04

Fixing Double-strand Breaks

The double-stranded structure of DNA has two major advantages. First, it serves as a safe repository of genetic information where one strand serves as the back-up in case the other strand is damaged. Second, the double-helical structure can be wrapped around proteins called histones to form nucleosomes, which can then be tightly wound to form chromosomes. This way, DNA chains up to 2 inches long can be contained within microscopic structures in a cell. A double-stranded break not only damages...
Gene Conversion02:08

Gene Conversion

Other than maintaining genome stability via DNA repair, homologous recombination plays an important role in diversifying the genome. In fact, the recombination of sequences forms the molecular basis of genomic evolution. Random and non-random permutations of genomic sequences create a library of new amalgamated sequences. These newly formed genomes can determine the fitness and survival of cells. In bacteria, homologous and non-homologous types of recombination lead to the evolution of new...
Overview of Transposition and Recombination02:13

Overview of Transposition and Recombination

Transposons make up a significant part of genomes of various organisms. Therefore, it is believed that transposition played a major evolutionary role in speciation by changing genome sizes and modifying gene expression patterns. For example, in bacteria, transposition can lead to conferring antibiotic resistance. Movement of transposable elements within the genetic pool of pathogenic bacteria can aid in transfer of antibiotic-resistant genetic elements. In eukaryotes, transposons can carry out...
DNA-only Transposons02:57

DNA-only Transposons

DNA-only transposons are called autonomous transposons since they code for the enzyme transposase that is required for the transposition mechanism. Insertion of transposons can alter gene functions in multiple ways. They can mutate the gene, alter gene expression by introducing a novel promoter or insulator sequence, introduce new splice sites, and change the mRNA transcripts produced, or remodel chromatin structure.
The donor site from where the transposon is excised is either degraded or...
Homologous Recombination02:31

Homologous Recombination

The basic reaction of homologous recombination (HR) involves two chromatids that contain DNA sequences sharing a significant stretch of identity. One of these sequences uses a strand from another as a template to synthesize DNA in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction. The final product is a novel amalgamation of the two substrates. To ensure an accurate recombination of sequences, HR is restricted to the S and G2 phases of the cell cycle. At these stages, the DNA has been replicated already and the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 2, 2026

Quantitation and Analysis of the Formation of HO-Endonuclease Stimulated Chromosomal Translocations by Single-Strand Annealing in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
09:40

Quantitation and Analysis of the Formation of HO-Endonuclease Stimulated Chromosomal Translocations by Single-Strand Annealing in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Published on: September 23, 2011

How does DNA break during chromosomal translocations?

Mridula Nambiar1, Sathees C Raghavan

  • 1Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India.

Nucleic Acids Research
|April 19, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Chromosomal translocations are key genetic events in cancers like lymphoma and leukemia. This review explores recent progress in understanding how chromosomes break during these critical rearrangements.

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Last Updated: Jun 2, 2026

Quantitation and Analysis of the Formation of HO-Endonuclease Stimulated Chromosomal Translocations by Single-Strand Annealing in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
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Published on: September 20, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Genetics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Cancer Research

Background:

  • Chromosomal translocations are common genetic alterations.
  • These rearrangements are molecular signatures and primary causes of cancers, particularly lymphoma and leukemia.
  • The precise mechanisms underlying chromosome breakage in translocations remain largely unknown.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advances in understanding the molecular mechanisms of chromosomal translocations.
  • To consolidate current knowledge on how chromosomes break during translocation events.
  • To highlight key findings in the field over the last four decades.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent scientific publications.
  • Synthesis of data on molecular mechanisms of chromosomal breakage.
  • Analysis of reported translocation events and their associated pathways.

Main Results:

  • Recent studies have shed light on the molecular pathways involved in chromosome breakage.
  • Specific proteins and DNA repair mechanisms have been implicated in translocation formation.
  • Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for deciphering cancer etiology.

Conclusions:

  • Significant progress has been made in elucidating the molecular mechanisms of chromosomal translocations.
  • Further research is needed to fully understand and potentially target these processes.
  • This knowledge is vital for advancing cancer diagnostics and therapeutics.