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Related Concept Videos

Bacterial Meningitis II: Pathophysiology01:26

Bacterial Meningitis II: Pathophysiology

Bacterial meningitis typically begins when pathogens such as Neisseria meningitidis and Streptococcus pneumoniae colonize the nasopharynx and invade the bloodstream. This process is facilitated by bacterial virulence factors, such as polysaccharide capsules, which resist phagocytosis and complement-mediated killing. Less commonly, bacteria reach the central nervous system via contiguous spread from infections like otitis media or sinusitis, through congenital or acquired dural defects, or...
Bacterial Meningitis I: Introduction01:22

Bacterial Meningitis I: Introduction

Bacterial meningitis is a severe, life-threatening inflammation of the meninges, particularly the pia mater and arachnoid mater, affecting the subarachnoid space, ventricles, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). If untreated, it can lead to significant neurological complications or death.Causative AgentsCommon pathogens vary with age and immune status. In adults, major organisms include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Haemophilus influenzae. Streptococcus agalactiae (group B...
Viral Meningitis01:18

Viral Meningitis

Viral meningitis is the most common form of meningitis and is often referred to as aseptic meningitis to indicate the absence of bacterial involvement. It is generally milder than bacterial meningitis, with symptoms including fever, headache, stiff neck, drowsiness, nausea, photophobia, and vomiting. Rarely, more severe manifestations or death may occur. Common causative agents include enteroviruses, particularly coxsackie A and B viruses and echoviruses, all members of the Enterovirus genus...
Bacterial Meningitis01:24

Bacterial Meningitis

Bacterial meningitis is a severe infectious disease involving inflammation of the meninges, the protective membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord. It occurs when pathogenic bacteria cross the blood–brain barrier and enter the cerebrospinal fluid. Common causative organisms include Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae type b, Listeria monocytogenes, and Escherichia coli K1. The exact route of entry varies by pathogen and host condition.Routes of Entry...
Cryptococcal Meningitis01:27

Cryptococcal Meningitis

Cryptococcal meningitis is a life-threatening opportunistic infection predominantly associated with HIV/AIDS, accounting for over 100,000 deaths annually worldwide. However, it also affects individuals with other forms of immunosuppression, including those undergoing immunosuppressive therapy, organ transplant recipients, patients with innate immunodeficiencies, and individuals with hematological disorders. The infection is caused mainly by Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii,...
Encephalitis l: Introduction01:19

Encephalitis l: Introduction

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...

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Neisseria meningitidis Infection of Induced Pluripotent Stem-Cell Derived Brain Endothelial Cells
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[Neoplastic meningitis].

Katsuyuki Hotta1, Mitsune Tanimoto

  • 1Dept. of Hematology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Japan.

Gan to Kagaku Ryoho. Cancer & Chemotherapy
|April 19, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Neoplastic meningitis (NM) affects the entire nervous system, requiring comprehensive staging and treatment across all cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) compartments. Current palliative treatments offer stabilization, with new therapies like liposomal cytarabine showing promising results.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuro-oncology
  • Neurology
  • Oncology

Context:

  • Neoplastic meningitis (NM) is a frequent complication in neuro-oncology.
  • NM affects the entire neuraxis, necessitating treatment across all cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) compartments.
  • Diagnosis relies on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with gadolinium (Gd) and CSF pathological examination.

Purpose:

  • To review the diagnosis and treatment of neoplastic meningitis.
  • To discuss current intra-CSF drug therapies and their limitations.
  • To highlight emerging treatments such as liposomal cytarabine.

Summary:

  • Neoplastic meningitis (NM) requires a holistic approach to staging and treatment, considering the entire neuraxis and all CSF compartments.
  • Current intra-CSF therapies include methotrexate, cytosine arabinoside, and thio-TEPA, delivered via intralumbar or intraventricular routes.
  • While palliative, existing treatments stabilize patients and prevent neurological decline; liposomal cytarabine shows encouraging outcomes in clinical trials.

Impact:

  • Provides a comprehensive overview of neoplastic meningitis management.
  • Informs clinicians about current and emerging treatment options for NM.
  • Highlights the importance of considering the entire neuraxis in NM treatment strategies.