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Related Concept Videos

The Carbon Cycle01:14

The Carbon Cycle

Carbon is the basis of all organic matter on Earth, and is recycled through the ecosystem in two primary processes: one in which carbon is exchanged among living organisms, and one in which carbon is cycled over long periods of time through fossilized organic remains, weathering of rocks, and volcanic activity. Human activities, including increased agricultural practices and the burning of fossil fuels, has greatly affected the balance of the natural carbon cycle.
Carbon-13 (¹³C) NMR: Overview01:10

Carbon-13 (¹³C) NMR: Overview

Carbon-13 is a naturally occurring NMR-active isotope of carbon with a low natural abundance of 1.1%. In contrast, carbon-12 is the most abundant isotope of carbon with zero nuclear spin. Therefore, it is NMR inactive. The gyromagnetic ratio of carbon-13 is smaller than that of protons. As a result, carbon-13 resonance is about 6000 times weaker than proton resonance. For a given magnetic field strength, the resonance frequency of carbon-13 is about one-fourth of the resonance frequency for...
Global Climate Change01:50

Global Climate Change

Throughout its ~4.5 billion year history, the Earth has experienced periods of warming and cooling. However, the current drastic increase in global temperatures is well outside of the Earth’s cyclic norms, and evidence for human-caused global climate change is compelling. Paleoclimatology, the study of ancient climate conditions, provides ample evidence for human-caused global climate change by comparing recent conditions with those in the past.
The Nitrogen Cycle01:49

The Nitrogen Cycle

Nitrogen atoms, present in all proteins and DNA, are recycled between abiotic and biotic components of the ecosystem. However, the primary form of nitrogen on Earth is nitrogen gas, which cannot be used by most animals and plants. Thus, nitrogen gas must first be converted into a usable form by nitrogen-fixing bacteria before it can be cycled through other living organisms. The use of nitrogen-containing fertilizers and animal waste products in human agriculture has greatly influenced the...
Carbon-dioxide Fixation01:28

Carbon-dioxide Fixation

Carbon dioxide fixation in prokaryotes enables the assimilation of inorganic carbon into organic molecules, supporting biosynthetic pathways, sustaining ecosystems, and contributing to the global carbon cycle. It also has industrial applications in carbon capture and bioproduct synthesis. Autotrophic organisms rely on this process to utilize CO₂ as a carbon source in diverse environments.The Calvin CycleThe Calvin cycle is the most widespread carbon fixation mechanism, primarily used by...
¹³C NMR: ¹H–¹³C Decoupling01:04

¹³C NMR: ¹H–¹³C Decoupling

The probability of having two carbon-13 atoms next to each other is negligible because of the low natural abundance of carbon-13. Consequently, peak splitting due to carbon-carbon spin-spin coupling is not observed in spectra. However, protons up to three sigma bonds away split the carbon signal according to the n+1 rule, resulting in complicated spectra.
A broadband decoupling technique is used to simplify these complex, sometimes overlapping, signals. Broadband decoupling relies on a...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 2, 2026

Measurement of Aerosols Optical Thickness of the Atmosphere using the GLOBE Handheld Sun Photometer
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Measurement of Aerosols Optical Thickness of the Atmosphere using the GLOBE Handheld Sun Photometer

Published on: May 29, 2019

The total carbon column observing network.

Debra Wunch1, Geoffrey C Toon, Jean-François L Blavier

  • 1Department of Earth Science and Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA. dwunch@caltech.edu

Philosophical Transactions. Series A, Mathematical, Physical, and Engineering Sciences
|April 20, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON) uses ground-based spectrometers to accurately measure greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide (CO2). This global network provides crucial data for climate science and satellite validation.

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Split Point Analysis and Uncertainty Quantification of Thermal-Optical Organic/Elemental Carbon Measurements
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Split Point Analysis and Uncertainty Quantification of Thermal-Optical Organic/Elemental Carbon Measurements

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Measurement of Aerosols Optical Thickness of the Atmosphere using the GLOBE Handheld Sun Photometer
06:27

Measurement of Aerosols Optical Thickness of the Atmosphere using the GLOBE Handheld Sun Photometer

Published on: May 29, 2019

Measuring Carbon-based Contaminant Mineralization Using Combined CO2 Flux and Radiocarbon Analyses
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Measuring Carbon-based Contaminant Mineralization Using Combined CO2 Flux and Radiocarbon Analyses

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Split Point Analysis and Uncertainty Quantification of Thermal-Optical Organic/Elemental Carbon Measurements
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Split Point Analysis and Uncertainty Quantification of Thermal-Optical Organic/Elemental Carbon Measurements

Published on: September 7, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Atmospheric science
  • Earth system science
  • Climate science

Background:

  • Accurate measurement of atmospheric greenhouse gases is vital for understanding climate change.
  • Remote sensing offers a valuable method for global atmospheric monitoring.
  • Existing networks require validation and calibration for reliable data.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To establish a global network of ground-based Fourier transform spectrometers.
  • To remotely measure column abundances of key greenhouse gases (CO2, CO, CH4, N2O).
  • To provide highly accurate and precise measurements for climate research and satellite validation.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing Fourier transform spectrometers for remote sensing of near-infrared absorption.
  • Implementing stringent requirements for instrumentation, data acquisition, processing, and calibration.
  • Establishing a global network for consistent, comparable measurements.

Main Results:

  • Achieved unprecedented accuracy and precision in total column measurements (<0.25% for CO2).
  • Demonstrated direct comparability with space-based near-infrared total column measurements.
  • Created a valuable dataset for carbon-cycle science investigations.

Conclusions:

  • The TCCON network provides a critical link between satellite observations and ground-based in situ measurements.
  • The high-quality TCCON data are essential for advancing carbon-cycle science and climate modeling.
  • The network's accuracy supports reliable validation of space-borne atmospheric measurements.