Transport and separation of micron sized particles at isotachophoretic transition zones

Conventionally, isotachophoresis (ITP) is used for separation of ionic samples according to their electrophoretic mobilities. We demonstrate that the scope of ITP applications may be extended toward particle concentration and separation. Owing to the distributions of electrolyte concentration and electric field inside a transition zone between two electrolytes, a number of different forces act on a small particle. As far as possible, we provide estimates for the order of magnitude of these forces and analyze their scaling with the particle size and the electric-field strength. Furthermore, we experimentally demonstrate that polymer beads of 5 μm diameter dispersed in a high mobility "leading" electrolyte are picked up and carried along by an ITP transition zone which is formed with a low mobility "trailing" electrolyte. By studying the particle positions and trajectories, we show that impurities in the electrolytes play a significant role in the experiments. Additionally, it is experimentally shown that different types of beads can be separated at an ITP transition zone. In particular, beads of 1 μm diameter are not carried along with the transition zone, in contrast to the 5 μm beads. The presented technique thus adds to the portfolio of electrokinetic transport, concentration, and separation methods in microfluidics.