Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Lewis Structures of Molecular Compounds and Polyatomic Ions02:54

Lewis Structures of Molecular Compounds and Polyatomic Ions

To draw Lewis structures for complicated molecules and molecular ions, it is helpful to follow a step-by-step procedure as outlined:
Protein and Protein Structure02:15

Protein and Protein Structure

Proteins are one of the most abundant organic molecules in living systems and have the most diverse range of functions of all macromolecules. Proteins may be structural, regulatory, contractile, or protective. They may serve in transport, storage, or membranes; or they may be toxins or enzymes. Their structures, like their functions, vary greatly. They are all, however, amino acid polymers arranged in a linear sequence.
A protein's shape is critical to its function. For example, an enzyme can...
Aldehydes and Ketones with Water: Hydrate Formation01:20

Aldehydes and Ketones with Water: Hydrate Formation

An oxygen-based nucleophile, like water, can undergo addition reactions with aldehydes and ketones. The reaction leads to the formation of hydrates, also referred to as 1,1-diols or geminal diols.
The formation of hydrates is a reversible reaction. Hydrate formation is influenced by steric and electronic factors accompanying the alkyl substituents on the carbonyl group: The rate of hydrate formation increases with a decrease in the number of alkyl groups attached to the carbonyl carbon. Hence,...
Resonance and Hybrid Structures02:16

Resonance and Hybrid Structures

According to the theory of resonance, if two or more Lewis structures with the same arrangement of atoms can be written for a molecule, ion, or radical, the actual distribution of electrons is an average of that shown by the various Lewis structures.
Resonance Structures and Resonance Hybrids
The Lewis structure of a nitrite anion (NO2−) may actually be drawn in two different ways, distinguished by the locations of the N–O and N=O bonds.
Hydrogen Bonds00:26

Hydrogen Bonds

Hydrogen BondsHydrogen bonds are weak attractions between atoms that have formed other chemical bonds. One of these atoms is electronegative, like oxygen, and has a partial negative charge. The other is a hydrogen atom that has bonded with another electronegative atom and has a partial positive charge.Hydrogen Bonds Control the World!Because hydrogen has very weak electronegativity when it binds with a strongly electronegative atom, such as oxygen or nitrogen, electrons in the bond are...
Hydrogen Bonds01:04

Hydrogen Bonds

A hydrogen bond is formed when a weakly positive hydrogen atom already bonded to one electronegative atom (for example, the oxygen in the water molecule) is attracted to another electronegative atom from another polar molecule, such as water (H2O), hydrogen fluoride (HF), or ammonia (NH3). The huge electronegativity difference between the H atom (2.1) and the atom to which it is bonded (4.0 for an F atom, 3.5 for an O atom, or 3.0 for an N atom), combined with the very small size of an H atom...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Helium spin-echo as a surface-sensitive probe of vibrational energy dissipation.

Faraday discussions·2026
Same author

Rotational orientation control of a ground state ortho-H<sub>2</sub> dissociation on a metal surface.

Nature communications·2025
Same author

La<sub>0.2</sub>Sr<sub>0.25</sub>Ca<sub>0.45</sub>TiO<sub>3</sub> Surface Reactivity with H<sub>2</sub>: A Combined <i>Operando</i> NEXAFS and Computational Study.

The journal of physical chemistry letters·2024
Same author

Observation of diffuse scattering in scanning helium microscopy.

Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP·2022
Same author

Resonant X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy: identification of atomic contributions to valence states.

Faraday discussions·2022
Same author

SPARC-positive macrophages are the superior prognostic factor in the microenvironment of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and independent of MYC rearrangement and double-/triple-hit status.

Annals of oncology : official journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology·2021

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 2, 2026

Probing the Structure and Dynamics of Interfacial Water with Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and Spectroscopy
10:28

Probing the Structure and Dynamics of Interfacial Water with Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and Spectroscopy

Published on: May 27, 2018

Highly proton-ordered water structures on oxygen precovered Ru{0001}.

N Avidor1, H Hedgeland, G Held

  • 1Shulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion, Haifa 32000, Israel.

The Journal of Physical Chemistry. A
|April 21, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Helium scattering reveals a well-ordered water ad-layer on ruthenium, maintaining proton order at 140 K. This structure aligns with STM data but suggests DFT calculations may underestimate water molecule orientation effects.

More Related Videos

In situ FTIR Spectroscopy as a Tool for Investigation of Gas/Solid Interaction: Water-Enhanced CO2 Adsorption in UiO-66 Metal-Organic Framework
11:38

In situ FTIR Spectroscopy as a Tool for Investigation of Gas/Solid Interaction: Water-Enhanced CO2 Adsorption in UiO-66 Metal-Organic Framework

Published on: February 1, 2020

Neutron Crystallography Data Collection and Processing for Modelling Hydrogen Atoms in Protein Structures
10:10

Neutron Crystallography Data Collection and Processing for Modelling Hydrogen Atoms in Protein Structures

Published on: December 1, 2020

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 2, 2026

Probing the Structure and Dynamics of Interfacial Water with Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and Spectroscopy
10:28

Probing the Structure and Dynamics of Interfacial Water with Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and Spectroscopy

Published on: May 27, 2018

In situ FTIR Spectroscopy as a Tool for Investigation of Gas/Solid Interaction: Water-Enhanced CO2 Adsorption in UiO-66 Metal-Organic Framework
11:38

In situ FTIR Spectroscopy as a Tool for Investigation of Gas/Solid Interaction: Water-Enhanced CO2 Adsorption in UiO-66 Metal-Organic Framework

Published on: February 1, 2020

Neutron Crystallography Data Collection and Processing for Modelling Hydrogen Atoms in Protein Structures
10:10

Neutron Crystallography Data Collection and Processing for Modelling Hydrogen Atoms in Protein Structures

Published on: December 1, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Surface Science
  • Materials Science
  • Physical Chemistry

Background:

  • Understanding water adsorption on metal surfaces is crucial for catalysis and surface chemistry.
  • The O(2 × 1)/Ru(0001) surface is a model system for studying oxidation and water interactions.
  • Proton ordering in water adlayers influences surface reactivity and properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the structural properties of a water adlayer on O(2 × 1)/Ru(0001) using helium scattering.
  • To determine the thermal stability of the ordered water structure.
  • To compare experimental findings with existing scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and density functional theory (DFT) data.

Main Methods:

  • Helium scattering (diffraction) was employed to probe the surface structure.
  • Water adlayers were grown on a well-defined O(2 × 1)/Ru(0001) surface.
  • Systematic extinctions in diffraction patterns were analyzed to deduce surface symmetries.

Main Results:

  • A well-ordered helium diffraction pattern was observed, indicating a defined surface structure.
  • The water adlayer exhibited glide line symmetries.
  • Proton order was maintained up to surprisingly high temperatures of 140 K.
  • Experimental data closely matched a structure determined by low-temperature STM.

Conclusions:

  • The water adlayer on O(2 × 1)/Ru(0001) forms a stable, proton-ordered structure.
  • Helium scattering is a sensitive probe for surface structure and ordering.
  • Current DFT calculations may require refinement to accurately capture the role of water molecule orientations in binding energy.