Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Prevalence and Incidence

Prevalence and Incidence

In statistical epidemiology and health sciences, two essential metrics—prevalence and incidence—are fundamental for understanding disease dynamics within a population. These measures enable public health officials, epidemiologists, and researchers to assess the burden of diseases, allocate resources effectively, and design impactful public health policies and interventions.
Prevalence indicates the proportion of individuals in a population who have a specific disease or health condition at a...

Infectious Diseases and Their Occurrence

Infectious Diseases and Their Occurrence

Infectious diseases appear in populations through various transmission patterns, influenced by pathogen characteristics, population immunity, environmental conditions, and social behavior. Understanding these patterns is essential for effective public health surveillance and intervention. These categories—sporadic, outbreak, epidemic, pandemic, and endemic—help frame the nature and scope of disease events.Sporadic diseases occur irregularly and infrequently, without a predictable temporal or...

Retrovirus Life Cycles

Retrovirus Life Cycles

Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the retrovirus to...

Sexually Transmitted Infections

Sexually Transmitted Infections

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are diseases transmitted primarily through unsafe sexual interactions. Bacteria, viruses, or parasites cause them and can result in severe health complications if untreated.ChlamydiaThe bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis is responsible for the disease Chlamydia, the most common STI in the United States. This peculiar pathogen requires human cells to reproduce, residing intracellularly. The initial infection often goes unnoticed because it typically does not...

Steps in Outbreak Investigation

Steps in Outbreak Investigation

In the ever-evolving field of public health, statistical analysis serves as a cornerstone for understanding and managing disease outbreaks. By leveraging various statistical tools, health professionals can predict potential outbreaks, analyze ongoing situations, and devise effective responses to mitigate impact. For that to happen, there are a few possible stages of the analysis:

Hazard Rate

Hazard Rate

The hazard rate, also known as the hazard function or failure rate, is a statistical measure used to describe the instantaneous rate at which an event occurs, given that the event has not yet happened. From a probabilistic perspective, it represents the likelihood that a subject will experience the event in a very small time interval, conditional on surviving up to the beginning of that interval. In terms of frequency, the hazard rate can be viewed as the ratio of the number of events to the...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Healthcare service user-reported quality of care in Malawi: a national multifacility cross-sectional study.

BMJ open·2026

Same author

The Potential Impact of Reduced Donor Funding for HIV Programs on Malawi's Disease Burden.

AIDS (London, England)·2026

Same author

When is elimination of an infectious disease cost-effective? An analytical framework to guide elimination priorities.

Cost effectiveness and resource allocation : C/E·2026

Same author

Economic evaluation of alternative hepatitis C treatment options: a post hoc analysis of the VIETNARMS trial.

EClinicalMedicine·2026

Same author

Estimating System-Wide Healthcare Costs Using a Health System Model: Application to the Thanzi La Onse Model of Malawi.

Applied health economics and health policy·2026

Same author

The benefits of investments to combat HIV, tuberculosis, and malaria for primary healthcare from 2000 to 2023: An economic modeling analysis.

PLoS medicine·2026

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 2, 2026

Comprehensive & Cost Effective Laboratory Monitoring of HIV/AIDS: an African Role Model

Comprehensive & Cost Effective Laboratory Monitoring of HIV/AIDS: an African Role Model

Published on: October 31, 2010

Estimating the HIV incidence rate: recent and future developments.

Timothy B Hallett¹

¹Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, UK. timothy.hallett@imperial.ac.uk

Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS

|April 21, 2011

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Accurate tracking of HIV epidemics relies on precise incidence estimation. New laboratory assays and statistical methods show promise for revolutionizing how new HIV infections are monitored globally.

More Related Videos

Amplifying and Quantifying HIV-1 RNA in HIV Infected Individuals with Viral Loads Below the Limit of Detection by Standard Clinical Assays

Amplifying and Quantifying HIV-1 RNA in HIV Infected Individuals with Viral Loads Below the Limit of Detection by Standard Clinical Assays

Published on: September 26, 2011

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 2, 2026

Comprehensive & Cost Effective Laboratory Monitoring of HIV/AIDS: an African Role Model

Comprehensive & Cost Effective Laboratory Monitoring of HIV/AIDS: an African Role Model

Published on: October 31, 2010

Amplifying and Quantifying HIV-1 RNA in HIV Infected Individuals with Viral Loads Below the Limit of Detection by Standard Clinical Assays

Amplifying and Quantifying HIV-1 RNA in HIV Infected Individuals with Viral Loads Below the Limit of Detection by Standard Clinical Assays

Published on: September 26, 2011

Area of Science:

Epidemiology
Infectious Disease Surveillance
Biostatistics

Background:

Estimating the rate of new HIV infections (incidence) is crucial for understanding and controlling epidemics.
Traditional epidemiological methods using prevalence data may be impacted by widespread antiretroviral treatment.
Accurate incidence data is vital for effective public health interventions and resource allocation.

Purpose of the Study:

To outline the information needs for tracking HIV incidence in epidemics.
To review advancements in methods for estimating HIV incidence.
To assess the potential of new laboratory and statistical approaches.

Main Methods:

Review of epidemiological modeling techniques using prevalence data.
Evaluation of laboratory-based HIV incidence assays.
Analysis of newly developed statistical methods for incidence estimation.
Assessment of assay performance criteria and validation strategies.

Main Results:

Epidemiological methods using prevalence data face challenges with expanding treatment programs.
Current laboratory-based HIV incidence assays lack sufficient accuracy.
New statistical methods demonstrate potential for unbiased incidence estimates if assay properties are well-characterized.
Emerging assays and algorithms show promise for acceptable accuracy and precision.
Systematic evaluation and validation of assay performance are ongoing challenges.

Conclusions:

Substantial progress has been made in both epidemiological and assay-based methods for measuring HIV incidence.
These developments are poised to significantly transform global HIV epidemic surveillance.
Future advancements promise a more accurate and routine tracking of worldwide HIV epidemics.