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Related Concept Videos

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
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Carbohydrate-based immune adjuvants.

Nikolai Petrovsky1, Peter D Cooper

  • 1Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Flinders Medical Centre/Flinders University, Adelaide, 5042 Australia. nikolai.petrovsky@flinders.edu.au

Expert Review of Vaccines
|April 22, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Aluminum salts have dominated vaccine adjuvants for decades. Carbohydrate-based compounds show promise as safe and effective alternatives, potentially challenging the long-standing use of alum adjuvants in human vaccines.

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Area of Science:

  • Vaccinology
  • Immunology
  • Carbohydrate Chemistry

Background:

  • Aluminum salts (alum) have been the sole approved adjuvants for human vaccines for over 80 years.
  • The mechanisms of action for most adjuvants are poorly understood, hindering new developments.
  • Limited funding and resources have contributed to alum's continued dominance in the vaccine adjuvant market.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore carbohydrate compounds as potential vaccine adjuvants.
  • To identify novel adjuvants that combine potent vaccine enhancement with maximum tolerability and safety.
  • To investigate alternatives that could challenge the established use of alum adjuvants.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on vaccine adjuvants.
  • Analysis of the properties of carbohydrate structures in immune function.
  • Evaluation of safety, tolerability, and biodegradability of carbohydrate-based compounds.

Main Results:

  • Carbohydrate structures play crucial roles in immune system function.
  • Various carbohydrate compounds from diverse sources show potential as vaccine adjuvants.
  • Carbohydrates are biodegradable, offering an advantage over potential long-term tissue deposits associated with alum.

Conclusions:

  • Carbohydrate-based compounds possess favorable properties for vaccine adjuvant development.
  • These compounds offer a potential alternative to alum, addressing safety and tolerability concerns.
  • Carbohydrates are well-positioned to challenge the monopoly of alum in human vaccine applications.