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Related Concept Videos

Pneumonia II: Pathophysiology01:29

Pneumonia II: Pathophysiology

The pathophysiology of pneumonia involves the following steps:
Peptic Ulcer Disease I: Introduction01:30

Peptic Ulcer Disease I: Introduction

Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD) is characterized by mucosal excavation in the esophagus, stomach, pylorus, or duodenum. It can manifest as acute or chronic based on the extent and duration of mucosal involvement.
An acute ulcer, marked by superficial erosion and minimal inflammation, swiftly resolves upon identifying and addressing the underlying cause. In contrast, a chronic ulcer persists, potentially eroding through the muscular wall and forming fibrous tissue.
Peptic ulcers can also be...
Peptic Ulcer Disease I: Introduction01:25

Peptic Ulcer Disease I: Introduction

Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) involves breaks in the gastrointestinal tract's mucosal lining, primarily in the stomach and duodenum, with less frequent occurrences in the lower esophagus or near the pylorus.Ulcers can be acute or chronic. Acute ulcers are short-lived with minimal inflammation and heal quickly after the irritant is removed. Chronic ulcers persist, may recur, and often cause scarring due to ongoing tissue damage. Superficial erosions affect only the mucosal layer and are called...
Peptic Ulcer Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Peptic Ulcer Disease II: Pathophysiology

Peptic ulcer disease develops when protective mechanisms of the gastrointestinal mucosa are overwhelmed by harmful factors, leading to localized erosions in the stomach or proximal duodenum. The main causes are Helicobacter pylori infection and chronic use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).Helicobacter pylori–Induced InjuryBacterial Adaptation and Colonization:H. pylori is a spiral, Gram-negative bacterium adapted to the acidic stomach. and transmitted through oral-oral or...
Peptic Ulcer Disease II: Pathophysiology01:28

Peptic Ulcer Disease II: Pathophysiology

Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD) is characterized by the development of ulcers in the stomach or duodenal mucosa. Its pathophysiology is complex, involving a balance between damaging and protective elements.
Damaging agents such as Helicobacter pylori, gastric acid, pepsin, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can weaken the mucosal defense, allowing hydrogen ions to infiltrate back and harm epithelial cells.
Peptic Ulcer Disease III: Clinical Manifestations and Complications01:25

Peptic Ulcer Disease III: Clinical Manifestations and Complications

Duodenal UlcersDuodenal ulcers are the most common form of peptic ulcer disease, presenting with chronic, intermittent epigastric pain. Pain typically appears 2–3 hours after meals, especially when the stomach is empty, often waking patients at night. It is characteristically relieved by food or antacids (“pain–food–relief”). Some patients remain asymptomatic until complications like bleeding or perforation emerge, particularly with NSAID or anticoagulant use.Gastric UlcersGastric ulcers share...

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Updated: Jun 2, 2026

A Protocol for Comprehensive Assessment of Bulbar Dysfunction in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
12:43

A Protocol for Comprehensive Assessment of Bulbar Dysfunction in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)

Published on: February 21, 2011

Commentary: Hoarseness in pellagra.

Nancy Hammond1

  • 1Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA. nhammond@kumc.edu

Journal of Clinical Neuroscience : Official Journal of the Neurosurgical Society of Australasia
|April 22, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Pellagra, a niacin deficiency disease, can present with unusual symptoms like laryngitis, not just the typical diarrhea, dementia, and dermatitis. Clinicians must recognize diverse pellagra manifestations for timely diagnosis and treatment.

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Last Updated: Jun 2, 2026

A Protocol for Comprehensive Assessment of Bulbar Dysfunction in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
12:43

A Protocol for Comprehensive Assessment of Bulbar Dysfunction in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)

Published on: February 21, 2011

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Nutritional Science
  • Clinical Medicine

Background:

  • Pellagra is a disease resulting from niacin (vitamin B3) deficiency.
  • Classical symptoms include diarrhea, dementia, and dermatitis.
  • However, presentations can vary, and not all patients exhibit the triad.

Discussion:

  • This case highlights an uncommon presentation of pellagra with laryngitis and hoarseness.
  • It underscores the importance of considering pellagra in patients with unexplained laryngeal symptoms.
  • The variability in clinical manifestations necessitates a broad diagnostic approach.

Key Insights:

  • Pellagra's clinical spectrum extends beyond the classic triad.
  • Laryngitis can be an atypical sign of niacin deficiency.
  • Alertness to diverse symptoms is crucial for accurate diagnosis.

Outlook:

  • Further research into the neurological and other atypical manifestations of pellagra is warranted.
  • Educational initiatives for clinicians on recognizing varied pellagra symptoms are beneficial.
  • Early identification of diverse pellagra signs can improve patient outcomes.