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Updated: Jan 11, 2026

Author Spotlight: Development and Evaluation of a Cationic Nanoemulsion-Encapsulated Retinoic Acid System for Mucosal Vaccination
Published on: February 23, 2024
Defending the mucosa: adjuvant and carrier formulations for mucosal immunity
Louise B Lawson1, Elizabeth B Norton, John D Clements
1Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA 70112, United States.
Abstract:
A majority of infectious microorganisms either colonize or cross mucosal surfaces to enter the host. A major goal in vaccine design is to induce a protective, lasting immune response against potential pathogens at mucosal surfaces. In addition, mucosal vaccines can offer needle-free delivery, thereby improving accessibility, safety, and cost-effectiveness. Challenges to successful mucosal vaccination include poor induction of mucosal immunity, limited understanding of protective mechanisms and crosstalk between mucosal compartments, and the availability of safe, effective mucosal adjuvants and delivery systems. This review focuses on some key advances in the field of mucosal vaccinology within the past 2-3 years, including reports on promising new formulations and investigations into the mechanisms of established mucosal adjuvants and/or particulate carrier systems.
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