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Related Concept Videos

Parkinson's Disease: Overview01:15

Parkinson's Disease: Overview

Neurodegenerative disorders are progressive diseases that cause irreversible damage and loss to neurons in specific brain areas. Examples of these disorders include Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Multiple Sclerosis (MS), and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). These disorders share characteristics such as proteinopathies, selective neuronal vulnerability, and a complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors. The primary therapeutic goal for these conditions is to...
Parkinson Disease l: Introduction01:24

Parkinson Disease l: Introduction

Parkinson’s disease is a chronic, progressive neurodegenerative disorder that primarily affects movement. It is characterized by motor symptoms such as resting tremors, muscle rigidity, bradykinesia (slowness of movement), and postural instability. Patients may notice hand tremors at rest, stiffness during movement, or a shuffling gait. In addition to motor features, non-motor symptoms include sleep disturbances, mood and behavioral changes, constipation, and cognitive impairment, all of which...
Parkinson Disease ll: Pathophysiology01:24

Parkinson Disease ll: Pathophysiology

Parkinson disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder primarily affecting movement, with additional non-motor features. Its pathophysiology involves complex interactions among genetic susceptibility, environmental exposures, and cellular dysfunction, including dopaminergic neuron loss, protein aggregation, and mitochondrial impairment.Selective NeurodegenerationA key feature is the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta, leading to reduced...
Alterations in Muscle Tone lll01:11

Alterations in Muscle Tone lll

Rigidity and myotonia are distinct abnormalities of muscle tone that affect resistance and relaxation during movement. Although both involve altered muscle contraction, they arise from different neurological and muscular mechanisms.CharacteristicsRigidity is characterized by uniform resistance to passive movement across the entire range, independent of speed, affecting flexors and extensors equally. It may appear as lead-pipe rigidity (smooth, constant resistance) or cogwheel rigidity...
Parkinson's Disease: Treatment01:24

Parkinson's Disease: Treatment

Neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's Disease (PD), involve the gradual and irreversible destruction of neurons in particular brain areas. These disorders exhibit standard features like proteinopathies, selective vulnerability of some neurons, and an interaction of intrinsic properties, genetics, and environmental influences in neural injury.
Parkinson's Disease is primarily a result of the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. The cornerstone of its...
Alterations in Muscle Tone ll01:12

Alterations in Muscle Tone ll

Alterations in muscle tone are common manifestations of neurological disorders and reflect dysfunction within different nervous system regions. Spasticity, paratonia, and dystonia represent distinct forms of hypertonia, each with unique mechanisms, clinical features, and diagnostic importance.CharacteristicsSpasticity happens from upper motor neuron lesions and is characterized by velocity-dependent resistance to passive movement. Clinical features include:Exaggerated deep tendon reflexesClonus...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 2, 2026

An Instrumented Pull Test to Characterize Postural Responses
12:18

An Instrumented Pull Test to Characterize Postural Responses

Published on: April 6, 2019

Postural deformities in Parkinson's disease.

Karen M Doherty1, Bart P van de Warrenburg, Maria Cecilia Peralta

  • 1Reta Lila Institute of Neurological studies, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK.

The Lancet. Neurology
|April 26, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Parkinson's disease (PD) causes disabling postural deformities like camptocormia. These result from rigidity, dystonia, weakness, and spine changes, requiring better management strategies.

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Sit-to-stand-and-walk from 120% Knee Height: A Novel Approach to Assess Dynamic Postural Control Independent of Lead-limb
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Sit-to-stand-and-walk from 120% Knee Height: A Novel Approach to Assess Dynamic Postural Control Independent of Lead-limb

Published on: August 30, 2016

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 2, 2026

An Instrumented Pull Test to Characterize Postural Responses
12:18

An Instrumented Pull Test to Characterize Postural Responses

Published on: April 6, 2019

Sit-to-stand-and-walk from 120% Knee Height: A Novel Approach to Assess Dynamic Postural Control Independent of Lead-limb
08:24

Sit-to-stand-and-walk from 120% Knee Height: A Novel Approach to Assess Dynamic Postural Control Independent of Lead-limb

Published on: August 30, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Movement Disorders
  • Spinal Deformities

Background:

  • Postural deformities are common and debilitating in Parkinson's disease (PD) and atypical parkinsonism.
  • Syndromes include camptocormia, antecollis, Pisa syndrome, and scoliosis.
  • Early recognition aids differential diagnosis in parkinsonism patients.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the multifactorial pathophysiology of postural deformities in Parkinson's disease.
  • To identify contributing factors and their variable roles in different syndromes.
  • To inform the development of improved management strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current evidence on the mechanisms of postural deformities in PD.
  • Analysis of contributing factors such as rigidity, dystonia, myopathy, proprioception deficits, and spinal changes.
  • Examination of the differential diagnostic value of recognizing specific postural syndromes.

Main Results:

  • Postural deformities in PD are multifactorial.
  • Key contributors include axial rigidity, dystonia, myopathy-induced weakness, impaired proprioception, and spinal structural changes.
  • The relative importance of these factors varies among individuals and syndromes.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding the complex pathophysiology of postural deformities is crucial for effective treatment.
  • Targeting specific mechanisms may lead to better management of these drug-refractory complications in PD.
  • Further research into the underlying mechanisms is warranted.