Recent diagnostic modalities for bladder cancer

Recent advances in hybridoma technology, immunohistochemistry, cytopathology, cytogenetics, and molecular biology have not only furthered our understanding of the biology of bladder cancer but are also beginning to find clinical applications in the early diagnosis of the disease. It is likely that further study and refinement of these tools could reliably identify patients with superficial bladder tumors who are at increased risk for subsequent muscle infiltrative disease, or patients whose tumors are not amenable to current front-line chemotherapy.