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Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder01:30

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. It affects approximately 5-8% of children globally, with around 60-70% of cases persisting into adulthood. ADHD has significant implications for educational attainment, social interactions, and occupational success.
Diagnostic Criteria and Symptoms
To diagnose ADHD, symptoms must manifest before age 12 and be evident across multiple settings.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 2, 2026

Developing a Rat Model for Bipolar Disorder
04:42

Developing a Rat Model for Bipolar Disorder

Published on: May 2, 2025

Rodent models of ADHD.

Xueliang Fan1, Kristy J Bruno, Ellen J Hess

  • 1Departments of Pharmacology and Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.

Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences
|April 26, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Animal models of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) show hyperactivity and inattention due to complex monoamine neurotransmitter interactions, not single-transmitter dysfunction.

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Animal Models
  • Neurobiology

Background:

  • Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder.
  • Existing animal models exhibit ADHD-like symptoms such as hyperactivity, inattention, and impulsivity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the neurochemical underpinnings of ADHD-like behaviors in various animal models.
  • To explore the role of monoaminergic neurotransmission in ADHD pathogenesis.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized established animal models including 6-OHDA-lesioned rats, coloboma mice, DAT-KO mice, and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR).
  • Conducted neurochemical and behavioral analyses to assess neurotransmitter function and behavioral phenotypes.

Main Results:

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  • All models displayed ADHD-like behaviors, highlighting the heterogeneity of the disorder.
  • Monoaminergic neurotransmission, particularly hyperdopaminergic activity, was implicated across all models.
  • Norepinephrine exhibited a dual role, while serotonin showed inhibitory effects on dopamine and norepinephrine signaling.

Conclusions:

  • ADHD symptoms likely arise from complex interactions between multiple monoaminergic systems, rather than a single neurotransmitter deficit.
  • These animal models provide valuable insights into the neurobiological mechanisms of ADHD.