Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Epilepsy ll: Types

Epilepsy ll: Types

Recurrent seizures, stemming from abnormal electrical activity in the brain, are the defining characteristic of epilepsy, a chronic neurological condition. Because seizure features vary greatly, epilepsy is classified using two systems: by seizure type and by epilepsy syndromes. These classifications enable clinicians to describe seizure patterns and select suitable treatment strategies.I. Classification by Seizure Type1. Focal EpilepsyFocal epilepsy begins in one hemisphere of the brain.

Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview

Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview

Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disease marked by recurrent, unpredictable seizures. These seizures are caused by abnormal electrical discharges in the brain, leading to behavior, sensation, or consciousness alterations. They can also cause transient impairment of awareness, interfering with daily activities.
Various factors can trigger epilepsy, including genetic factors, brain damage, metabolic causes, and unknown etiology. Diagnosis of epilepsy involves electroencephalography (EEG), which...

Seizures: Classification

Seizures: Classification

Epilepsy is primarily characterized by unpredictable seizures, either provoked by an identifiable factor, such as injury or illness, or unprovoked, occurring spontaneously without apparent cause.
Seizures are typically classified into two main categories: focal and generalized seizures.
Focal Seizures
Focal seizures originate from specific regions of the brain. These seizures are further sub-classified into two types:

Seizures l: Introduction

Seizures l: Introduction

Understanding seizures and epilepsy relies on key definitions that help in recognizing, classifying, and managing these disorders. These definitions provide a framework for recognizing, classifying, and managing seizure disorders.DefinitionsA seizure is a sudden, abnormal burst of electrical activity in the brain that can cause changes in awareness, movement, sensation, or behavior, depending on the area involved. Epilepsy is a chronic condition characterized by recurrent, unprovoked seizures,...

Antiepileptic Drugs: Modulators of Neurotransmitter Release Mediated by SV2A Protein

Antiepileptic Drugs: Modulators of Neurotransmitter Release Mediated by SV2A Protein

Antiepileptic drugs, such as levetiracetam (Keppra) and brivaracetam (Briviact), have emerged as crucial tools in managing epilepsy. These medications exert their therapeutic effects by targeting the synaptic vesicle protein SV2A, a transmembrane glycoprotein primarily found in the brain.
SV2A is a transmembrane glycoprotein located predominantly in the brain, modulating the release of neurotransmitters for neuronal communication. Both levetiracetam and brivaracetam exhibit a high affinity for...

Seizures ll: Types

Seizures ll: Types

Seizures are sudden bursts of abnormal electrical discharge in the brain that interfere with normal function. They are commonly divided into three groups: focal seizures, generalized seizures, and other types that do not fit neatly into either category.Focal SeizuresFocal seizures begin in a single brain region. When awareness is preserved, they are called focal aware seizures and may cause sensations such as tingling, unusual smells, or flashing lights. When awareness is impaired, they are...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Brainstem auditory evoked potentials.

American journal of electroneurodiagnostic technology·2010

Same journal

Seizure Detection Software Used to Complement the Visual Screening Process for Long-Term EEG Monitoring.

American journal of electroneurodiagnostic technology·2015

Same journal

Waveform window #21. Anomaly during pedicle screw stimulation.

American journal of electroneurodiagnostic technology·2012

Same journal

Detection and prevention of impending brachial plexus injury secondary to arm positioning using ulnar nerve somatosensory evoked potentials during transaxillary approach for thyroid lobectomy.

American journal of electroneurodiagnostic technology·2012

Same journal

Transcranial motor evoked potential changes induced by provocative testing during embolization of cerebral arteriovenous malformations in patients under total intravenous anesthesia.

American journal of electroneurodiagnostic technology·2012

Same journal

Intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring (IONM): lessons learned from 32 case events in 2069 spine cases.

American journal of electroneurodiagnostic technology·2012

Same journal

Kathleen Mears Memorial Lecture: Are we ready for 2014? An overview of healthcare reform for the neurodiagnostic practitioner.

American journal of electroneurodiagnostic technology·2012

See all related articles

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 2, 2026

Dynamic Clamp Methods to Investigate Impaired Neuronal Excitability Associated with Autism

Dynamic Clamp Methods to Investigate Impaired Neuronal Excitability Associated with Autism

Published on: October 17, 2025

Tuberous sclerosis and epilepsy.

Liliana D Petrova¹

¹The Neurology Center, PA, Chevy Chase, Maryland, USA.

American Journal of Electroneurodiagnostic Technology

|April 27, 2011

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC) is an inherited disorder linked to epilepsy. Advances in neuroimaging and understanding TSC

More Related Videos

Electromagnetic Source Imaging in Presurgical Evaluation of Children with Drug-Resistant Epilepsy

Electromagnetic Source Imaging in Presurgical Evaluation of Children with Drug-Resistant Epilepsy

Published on: September 20, 2024

A Model for Epilepsy of Infectious Etiology using Theiler's Murine Encephalomyelitis Virus

A Model for Epilepsy of Infectious Etiology using Theiler's Murine Encephalomyelitis Virus

Published on: June 23, 2022

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 2, 2026

Dynamic Clamp Methods to Investigate Impaired Neuronal Excitability Associated with Autism

Dynamic Clamp Methods to Investigate Impaired Neuronal Excitability Associated with Autism

Published on: October 17, 2025

Electromagnetic Source Imaging in Presurgical Evaluation of Children with Drug-Resistant Epilepsy

Electromagnetic Source Imaging in Presurgical Evaluation of Children with Drug-Resistant Epilepsy

Published on: September 20, 2024

A Model for Epilepsy of Infectious Etiology using Theiler's Murine Encephalomyelitis Virus

A Model for Epilepsy of Infectious Etiology using Theiler's Murine Encephalomyelitis Virus

Published on: June 23, 2022

Area of Science:

Genetics and Molecular Biology
Neurology
Oncology

Background:

Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC) is an inherited disorder caused by mutations in TSC1 (hamartin) or TSC2 (tuberin) tumor suppressor genes.
Hamartin and tuberin form a complex in the mTOR pathway, regulating cell growth and proliferation.
Epilepsy is a common and often intractable neurological complication of TSC, frequently presenting as infantile spasms.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the role of TSC1 and TSC2 genes in TSC pathogenesis.
To discuss epilepsy as a major comorbidity in TSC.
To highlight the importance of neuroimaging and molecular understanding for therapeutic advancements.

Main Methods:

Literature review of TSC pathogenesis, epilepsy in TSC, and neuroimaging techniques.
Analysis of the mTOR pathway's role in TSC and epilepsy.
Synthesis of current understanding of molecular mechanisms.

Main Results:

Mutations in TSC1/TSC2 genes lead to mTOR pathway dysregulation, contributing to hamartoma formation and neurological issues.
Epilepsy in TSC is often medically intractable, necessitating surgical evaluation.
Multimodality neuroimaging aids in identifying epileptogenic foci for surgical consideration.

Conclusions:

Understanding the molecular basis of TSC is critical for developing targeted therapies.
Improved neuroimaging enhances the non-invasive evaluation of TSC patients for epilepsy surgery.
Further research into TSC pathogenesis can lead to novel therapeutic strategies for individuals with TSC.