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Related Concept Videos

NMR Spectroscopy: Spin–Spin Coupling01:08

NMR Spectroscopy: Spin–Spin Coupling

The spin state of an NMR-active nucleus can have a slight effect on its immediate electronic environment. This effect propagates through the intervening bonds and affects the electronic environments of NMR-active nuclei up to three bonds away; occasionally, even farther. This phenomenon is called spin–spin coupling or J-coupling. Coupling interactions are mutual and result in small changes in the absorption frequencies of both nuclei involved. While nuclei of the same element are involved in...
Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)01:20

Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)

Two NMR-active nuclei bonded to a central atom can be involved in geminal or two-bond coupling. Geminal coupling is commonly seen between diastereotopic protons in chiral molecules and unsymmetrical alkenes, among others.
The central atom need not be NMR-active because its electrons are affected by the electron polarization of the spin-active atoms. However, spin information is transmitted less effectively than in one-bond coupling, and 2J values are usually weaker than 1J values. The energy of...
Spin–Spin Coupling: One-Bond Coupling01:17

Spin–Spin Coupling: One-Bond Coupling

Coupling interactions are strongest between NMR-active nuclei bonded to each other, where spin information can be transmitted directly through the pair of bonding electrons. While nuclei polarize their electrons to the opposite spins, the bonding electron pair has opposite spins. Configurations with antiparallel nuclear spins are expected to be lower in energy. When coupling makes antiparallel states more favorable, J is considered to have a positive value. The one-bond coupling constant, 1J,...
Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals II03:35

Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals II

sp3d and sp3d 2 Hybridization
Spin–Spin Coupling Constant: Overview01:08

Spin–Spin Coupling Constant: Overview

In bromoethane, the three methyl protons are coupled to the two methylene protons that are three bonds away. In accordance with the n+1 rule, the signal from the methyl protons is split into three peaks with 1:2:1 relative intensities. The methylene protons appear as a quartet, with the relative intensities of 1:3:3:1.
Qualitatively, any spin plus-half nucleus polarizes the spins of its electrons to the minus-half state. Consequently, the paired electron in the hydrogen–carbon bond must have a...
¹H NMR: Long-Range Coupling01:27

¹H NMR: Long-Range Coupling

The coupling interactions of nuclei across four or more bonds are usually weak, with J values less than 1 Hz. While these are usually not observed in spectra, the presence of multiple bonds along the coupling pathway can result in observable long-range coupling.
In alkenes, spin information is communicated via σ–π overlap, as seen in allylic (four-bond) and homoallylic (five-bond) couplings. These coupling interactions are stronger when the σ bond is parallel to the alkene π orbitals.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 2, 2026

A Photonic System for Generating Unconditional Polarization-Entangled Photons Based on Multiple Quantum Interference
07:56

A Photonic System for Generating Unconditional Polarization-Entangled Photons Based on Multiple Quantum Interference

Published on: September 5, 2019

14-Qubit entanglement: creation and coherence.

Thomas Monz1, Philipp Schindler, Julio T Barreiro

  • 1Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstr. 25, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.

Physical Review Letters
|April 27, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers created complex quantum states with up to 14 qubits. Coherence decay in these systems scales with the square of qubit number, matching models of correlated phase noise in quantum computation and metrology.

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Last Updated: Jun 2, 2026

A Photonic System for Generating Unconditional Polarization-Entangled Photons Based on Multiple Quantum Interference
07:56

A Photonic System for Generating Unconditional Polarization-Entangled Photons Based on Multiple Quantum Interference

Published on: September 5, 2019

Generation and Coherent Control of Pulsed Quantum Frequency Combs
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Generation and Coherent Control of Pulsed Quantum Frequency Combs

Published on: June 8, 2018

Quantum State Engineering of Light with Continuous-wave Optical Parametric Oscillators
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Area of Science:

  • Quantum Information Science
  • Quantum Computing
  • Quantum Metrology

Background:

  • Quantum entanglement is crucial for advanced quantum technologies.
  • Scalable generation and characterization of entangled states are key challenges.
  • Understanding decoherence mechanisms is vital for building robust quantum systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To create and characterize large-scale Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) states.
  • To investigate the coherence properties of multi-qubit systems.
  • To validate theoretical models of decoherence in quantum states.

Main Methods:

  • Generation of Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger states involving up to 14 qubits.
  • Experimental investigation of ion trap coherence over time.
  • Analysis of coherence decay rates as a function of qubit number.

Main Results:

  • Successful creation of GHZ states with up to 14 qubits.
  • Observed coherence decay proportional to the square of the number of qubits.
  • Experimental results align with a theoretical model incorporating correlated Gaussian phase noise.

Conclusions:

  • The study demonstrates a scalable approach to generating large entangled states.
  • Coherence decay in these systems is well-described by correlated phase noise models.
  • The findings are applicable to current quantum computation and metrology platforms.