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Related Concept Videos

The Parathyroid Glands00:59

The Parathyroid Glands

The two pairs of parathyroid glands embedded within the posterior surface of the thyroid gland are restricted by a dense capsule around them. These glands comprise two distinct cell populations—parathyroid oxyphil and parathyroid principal cells- pivotal in calcium homeostasis.
Oxyphil cells, whose functions remain elusive, emerge during late puberty, adding a layer of complexity to the parathyroid gland's intricacies. In contrast, principal parathyroid cells undertake a vital role by producing...
Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis01:21

Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis

Calcium is not only the most abundant mineral in bone but also the most abundant mineral in the human body. Calcium ions are needed for bone mineralization, tooth health, heart rate regulation and strength of contraction, blood coagulation, the contraction of smooth and skeletal muscle cells, and the regulation of nerve impulse conduction. The average calcium level in the blood is about 10 mg/dL. When the body cannot maintain this level, a person will experience hypo or hypercalcemia.
Hormones and Bone Tissue01:17

Hormones and Bone Tissue

The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
Hormones That Influence Osteoblasts and/or Maintain the Matrix
Several hormones are necessary for controlling bone growth and maintaining the bone matrix. The pituitary gland secretes growth hormone (GH), which, as its name implies, controls bone growth. This happens in several ways: first, it triggers chondrocyte...
Treatment for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors and Calcium Channel Blockers01:26

Treatment for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors and Calcium Channel Blockers

Receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) and calcium channel blockers (CCBs) are two critical categories of drugs employed in the treatment of pulmonary artery hypertension (PAH). PAH is a disease that causes high blood pressure in the pulmonary arteries, resulting in chest pain, fatigue, and shortness of breath.
TKIs, such as imatinib (Gleevec), are particularly effective in tackling the growth and mitogenic factors that become upregulated in PAH patients. These factors contribute to the...
Antihypertensive Drugs: Potassium-Sparing Diuretics01:28

Antihypertensive Drugs: Potassium-Sparing Diuretics

Liddle syndrome is a genetically inherited form of hypertension characterized by the overactivity of epithelial sodium channels in the nephron, the functional unit of the kidney. This heightened activity leads to increased sodium reabsorption and excessive excretion of potassium. To counteract this, potassium-sparing diuretics such as amiloride are used. They function by blocking these sodium channels, thereby reducing the influx of sodium into the epithelial cells and minimizing the loss of...
Synthesis and Functions of Calcitonin00:51

Synthesis and Functions of Calcitonin

Calcitonin, a vital polypeptide hormone, regulates calcium levels within body fluids. It is released by the parafollicular cells, also known as C cells, situated in the follicular epithelium of the thyroid gland. Calcitonin responds to fluctuations in blood calcium levels and the influence of gastrointestinal hormones like gastrin and cholecystokinin.
The exact mechanisms by which calcitonin operates in calcium homeostasis remain elusive, but its significance is evident in several vital...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 2, 2026

Two Techniques to Create Hypoparathyroid Mice: Parathyroidectomy Using GFP Glands and Diphtheria-Toxin-Mediated Parathyroid Ablation
07:13

Two Techniques to Create Hypoparathyroid Mice: Parathyroidectomy Using GFP Glands and Diphtheria-Toxin-Mediated Parathyroid Ablation

Published on: March 14, 2017

Inactivating calcium-sensing receptor mutations in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism.

Karin Frank-Raue1, Gudrun Leidig-Bruckner, Christine Haag

  • 1Endocrine Practice, Molecular LaboratoryDepartment of Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.

Clinical Endocrinology
|April 28, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Genetic testing for calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) mutations is crucial for distinguishing primary hyperparathyroidism (HPT) from familial hypocalciuric hypercalcaemia (FHH). Some patients with CaSR mutations benefited from parathyroid surgery for HPT.

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Generation of Hypoparathyroid Rats via Carbon-Nanoparticle-Assisted Parathyroidectomy
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Last Updated: Jun 2, 2026

Two Techniques to Create Hypoparathyroid Mice: Parathyroidectomy Using GFP Glands and Diphtheria-Toxin-Mediated Parathyroid Ablation
07:13

Two Techniques to Create Hypoparathyroid Mice: Parathyroidectomy Using GFP Glands and Diphtheria-Toxin-Mediated Parathyroid Ablation

Published on: March 14, 2017

Generation of Hypoparathyroid Rats via Carbon-Nanoparticle-Assisted Parathyroidectomy
03:57

Generation of Hypoparathyroid Rats via Carbon-Nanoparticle-Assisted Parathyroidectomy

Published on: July 14, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Medical Genetics

Background:

  • Primary hyperparathyroidism (HPT) involves autonomous parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion causing hypercalcaemia.
  • Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcaemia (FHH) is an inherited disorder due to calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) gene mutations, also causing hypercalcaemia.
  • Differentiating HPT from FHH is critical as surgery cures HPT but is ineffective for FHH.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of CaSR gene mutations in patients with suspected HPT.
  • To evaluate clinical and biochemical parameters in differentiating HPT and FHH.
  • To assess the impact of parathyroid surgery in patients with coexisting HPT and FHH.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of CaSR gene mutations in 139 outpatients with hypercalcaemia.
  • Evaluation of clinical and biochemical profiles.
  • Histological confirmation of parathyroid tissue post-surgery.

Main Results:

  • Six different CaSR gene mutations were identified in eight patients.
  • Four patients had confirmed FHH due to CaSR mutations.
  • Four patients diagnosed with HPT, confirmed by parathyroid adenomas, benefited from surgery despite carrying CaSR mutations.

Conclusions:

  • CaSR gene mutations may play a role in the pathogenesis of HPT.
  • Parathyroid surgery can be beneficial for HPT even in the presence of CaSR mutations.
  • Accurate diagnosis through genetic testing is essential for appropriate patient management.