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Related Concept Videos

Nomenclature of Secondary and Tertiary Amines01:12

Nomenclature of Secondary and Tertiary Amines

The secondary and tertiary amines are derivatives of ammonia, where two and three of its hydrogens are replaced by alkyl groups, respectively. Secondary and tertiary amines can be symmetrical with identical alkyl groups attached to the nitrogen atom or unsymmetrical when more than one type of alkyl group is present. The standard nomenclature of secondary and tertiary amines is similar to the names given to the primary amines. They are generally named alkylamines. As depicted in Figure 1, for...
Nomenclature of Primary Amines01:17

Nomenclature of Primary Amines

Primary, secondary, and tertiary amines are compounds consisting of one, two, and three alkyl groups connected to the amino group (–NH2), respectively. As depicted in Figure 1, the common name of the primary amines is obtained by adding the suffix -amine to the alkyl substituent attached to the amino group as the corresponding alkylamine.
Acid Halides to Amides: Aminolysis01:07

Acid Halides to Amides: Aminolysis

Aminolysis is a nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction, where ammonia or amines act as nucleophiles to give the substitution product. Acid halides react with ammonia, primary amines, and secondary amines to yield primary, secondary, and tertiary amides, respectively.
In the first step of the aminolysis mechanism, the amine attacks the carbonyl carbon of the acyl chloride to form a tetrahedral intermediate. In the second step, the carbonyl group is re-formed with the elimination of a chloride...
Preparation of Amides01:29

Preparation of Amides

Amides are synthesized by treating carboxylic acids with amines in the presence of dehydrating agents like dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC).
The DCC-promoted synthesis of amides begins with the protonation of DCC by carboxylic acid. The protonation makes it a better acceptor. Next, the addition of carboxylate to the protonated carbodiimide gives a reactive acylating agent.
Subsequently, the amine acts as a nucleophile that attacks the acylating agent to form a tetrahedral intermediate. In the...
Structure of Amines01:19

Structure of Amines

The hybridized nitrogen atom in amines possesses a lone pair of electrons and is bound to three substituents with a bond angle of around 108°, which is less than the tetrahedral angle of 109.5°. However, the C–N–H bond angle is slightly larger at 112°, with a carbon–nitrogen bond length of 147 pm. This carbon–nitrogen bond length of of amines is longer than the carbon–oxygen bond of alcohols (143 pm) but shorter than alkanes’ carbon–carbon bond (154 pm). These aspects are illustrated in Figure...
Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H01:19

Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H

Nitrous acid, a weak acid, is prepared in situ via the reaction of sodium nitrite with a strong acid under cold conditions. This nitrous acid prepared in situ reacts with primary arylamines to form arenediazonium salts. Such reactions are known as diazotization reactions. As shown in Figure 1, the formation of arenediazonium salts begins with the decomposition of nitrous acid in an acidic solution to give nitrosonium ions.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 2, 2026

Construction and Systematical Symmetric Studies of a Series of Supramolecular Clusters with Binary or Ternary Ammonium Triphenylacetates
06:35

Construction and Systematical Symmetric Studies of a Series of Supramolecular Clusters with Binary or Ternary Ammonium Triphenylacetates

Published on: February 15, 2016

n-Tridecyl-amine chloride monohydrate.

Lijun Zhang1, Youying Di, Wenyan Dan

  • 1College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Shandong 252059, People's Republic of China.

Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online
|April 28, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study details the crystal structure of a hydrated quaternary ammonium chloride salt. The research reveals an all-trans conformation of the C13 alkyl chain and specific hydrogen bonding patterns within the crystal lattice.

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Area of Science:

  • Crystallography
  • Solid-state chemistry
  • Supramolecular chemistry

Background:

  • Quaternary ammonium salts are widely used in various chemical applications.
  • Understanding the solid-state structure is crucial for predicting material properties.
  • Hydrated crystalline forms can exhibit distinct structural and chemical behaviors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the crystal structure of the title compound, C(13)H(30)N(+)·Cl(-)·H(2)O.
  • To investigate the conformation of the alkyl chain within the crystal lattice.
  • To characterize the intermolecular interactions, including hydrogen bonding, in the solid state.

Main Methods:

  • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was employed to determine the molecular and crystal structure.
  • Analysis of bond lengths, bond angles, and intermolecular contacts.
  • Hydrogen bond network analysis.

Main Results:

  • The crystal structure of C(13)H(30)N(+)·Cl(-)·H(2)O was successfully determined.
  • The C(13)H(27) alkyl chain adopts an all-trans conformation.
  • Intermolecular hydrogen bonds (N-H⋯Cl, N-H⋯O, O-H⋯Cl) form layers parallel to the (010) plane.
  • Alkyl chains are oriented approximately perpendicular to these layers.

Conclusions:

  • The study provides a detailed structural description of the hydrated quaternary ammonium salt.
  • The observed all-trans conformation and hydrogen bonding network influence the packing and properties of the compound.
  • This structural information is valuable for the design and application of related materials.