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Hydroboration-Oxidation of Alkenes

Hydroboration-Oxidation of Alkenes

In addition to the oxymercuration–demercuration method, which converts the alkenes to alcohols with Markovnikov orientation, a complementary hydroboration-oxidation method yields the anti-Markovnikov product. The hydroboration reaction, discovered in 1959 by H.C. Brown, involves the addition of a B–H bond of borane to an alkene giving an organoborane intermediate. The oxidation of this intermediate with basic hydrogen peroxide forms an alcohol.

Acidity and Basicity of Alcohols and Phenols

Acidity and Basicity of Alcohols and Phenols

Like water, alcohols are weak acids and bases. This is attributed to the polarization of the O–H bond making the hydrogen partially positive. Moreover, the electron pairs on the oxygen atom of alcohol make it both basic and nucleophilic. Protonation of an alcohol converts hydroxide, a poor leaving group, into water—a good one. The two acid–base equilibria corresponding to ethanol are depicted below.

Aldehydes and Ketones with Water: Hydrate Formation

Aldehydes and Ketones with Water: Hydrate Formation

An oxygen-based nucleophile, like water, can undergo addition reactions with aldehydes and ketones. The reaction leads to the formation of hydrates, also referred to as 1,1-diols or geminal diols.
The formation of hydrates is a reversible reaction. Hydrate formation is influenced by steric and electronic factors accompanying the alkyl substituents on the carbonyl group: The rate of hydrate formation increases with a decrease in the number of alkyl groups attached to the carbonyl carbon. Hence,...

Lewis Structures of Molecular Compounds and Polyatomic Ions

Lewis Structures of Molecular Compounds and Polyatomic Ions

To draw Lewis structures for complicated molecules and molecular ions, it is helpful to follow a step-by-step procedure as outlined:

Formation of Halohydrin from Alkenes

Formation of Halohydrin from Alkenes

An alkene, such as propene, reacts with bromine in the presence of water to yield a halohydrin. Halohydrins contain a halogen and a hydroxyl group attached to adjacent carbons. When the halogen is bromine, it is called a bromohydrin, while a chlorohydrin has chlorine as the halogen.

Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Osmium Tetraoxide

Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Osmium Tetraoxide

Alkenes are converted to 1,2-diols or glycols through a process called dihydroxylation. It involves the addition of two hydroxyl groups across the double bond with two different stereochemical approaches, namely anti and syn. Dihydroxylation using osmium tetroxide progresses with syn stereochemistry.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 2, 2026

Reaction Kinetics and Combustion Dynamics of I4O9 and Aluminum Mixtures

Reaction Kinetics and Combustion Dynamics of I₄O₉and Aluminum Mixtures

Published on: November 7, 2016

[Al(H(2)O)(6)][Cr(OH)(6)Mo(6)O(18)]·10H(2)O.

Bao Li¹, Ling Ye, Li-Xin Wu

¹State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China.

Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online

|April 28, 2011

Summary

This study details the crystal structure of hexa-aqua-aluminium hexa-hydroxidoocta-deca-oxido-molybdo-chromate(III) deca-hydrate. The compound features unique hydrogen-bonded networks formed by its aluminum and Anderson-type molybdo-chromate anions.

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Facile Preparation of Ultrafine Aluminum Hydroxide Particles with or without Mesoporous MCM-41 in Ambient Environments

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Published on: May 11, 2017

Synthesis and Characterization of Functionalized Metal-organic Frameworks

Synthesis and Characterization of Functionalized Metal-organic Frameworks

Published on: September 5, 2014

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Last Updated: Jun 2, 2026

Reaction Kinetics and Combustion Dynamics of I4O9 and Aluminum Mixtures

Reaction Kinetics and Combustion Dynamics of I₄O₉and Aluminum Mixtures

Published on: November 7, 2016

Facile Preparation of Ultrafine Aluminum Hydroxide Particles with or without Mesoporous MCM-41 in Ambient Environments

Facile Preparation of Ultrafine Aluminum Hydroxide Particles with or without Mesoporous MCM-41 in Ambient Environments

Published on: May 11, 2017

Synthesis and Characterization of Functionalized Metal-organic Frameworks

Synthesis and Characterization of Functionalized Metal-organic Frameworks

Published on: September 5, 2014

Area of Science:

Inorganic Chemistry
Crystal Engineering
Materials Science

Background:

Crystallographic studies are essential for understanding the structure-property relationships of novel compounds.
Anderson-type polyoxometalates, such as the molybdo-chromate anion, exhibit unique structural motifs and potential applications.

Purpose of the Study:

To elucidate the crystal structure of hexa-aqua-aluminium hexa-hydroxidoocta-deca-oxido-molybdo-chromate(III) deca-hydrate.
To investigate the structural characteristics and intermolecular interactions within the crystalline network.

Main Methods:

Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was employed to determine the atomic arrangement.
Analysis of hydrogen bonding patterns and coordination environments was performed.

Main Results:

The title compound crystallizes isotypically with its gallium analogue.
Both the [Al(H(2)O)(6)](3+) cation and the Anderson-type [Cr(OH)(6)Mo(6)O(18)](3-) anion possess inversion symmetry.
A three-dimensional network is formed through O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds involving anions, cations, and lattice water molecules.

Conclusions:

The detailed crystal structure reveals a complex hydrogen-bonding network responsible for the compound's stability.
The findings contribute to the understanding of structural diversity in Anderson-type polyoxometalates and their hydration.