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Related Concept Videos

Alkynes to Aldehydes and Ketones: Hydroboration-Oxidation02:47

Alkynes to Aldehydes and Ketones: Hydroboration-Oxidation

Introduction
One of the convenient methods for the preparation of aldehydes and ketones is via hydration of alkynes. Hydroboration-oxidation of alkynes is an indirect hydration reaction in which an alkyne is treated with borane followed by oxidation with alkaline peroxide to form an enol that rapidly converts into an aldehyde or a ketone. Terminal alkynes form aldehydes, whereas internal alkynes give ketones as the final product.
Preparation and Reactions of Sulfides02:26

Preparation and Reactions of Sulfides

Sulfides are the sulfur analog of ethers, just as thiols are the sulfur analog of alcohol. Like ethers, sulfides also consist of two hydrocarbon groups bonded to the central sulfur atom. Depending upon the type of groups present, sulfides can be symmetrical or asymmetrical. Symmetrical sulfides can be prepared via an SN2 reaction between 2 equivalents of an alkyl halide and one equivalent of sodium sulfide.
Aldehydes and Ketones to Alkenes: Wittig Reaction Mechanism01:14

Aldehydes and Ketones to Alkenes: Wittig Reaction Mechanism

The Wittig reaction, which converts aldehydes or ketones to alkenes using phosphorus ylides, proceeds through a nucleophilic addition‒elimination process.
The reaction begins with the nucleophilic addition between a phosphorus ylide and the carbonyl compound. Due to its carbanionic character, phosphorus ylide acts as a strong nucleophile and attacks the electrophilic carbonyl group. This generates a charge-separated dipolar intermediate called betaine. The negatively charged oxygen atom and...
Phase II Reactions: Methylation Reactions01:17

Phase II Reactions: Methylation Reactions

Methylation is a phase II biotransformation process involving the attachment of a methyl group to a substrate. Enzymes known as methyltransferases orchestrate this reaction.
The mechanism of methylation unfolds in two stages. The first stage sees a methyltransferase enzyme facilitating the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) to the substrate, forming S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH). The second stage involves further metabolism of SAH into homocysteine, which can be recycled...
Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Osmium Tetraoxide02:44

Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Osmium Tetraoxide

Alkenes are converted to 1,2-diols or glycols through a process called dihydroxylation. It involves the addition of two hydroxyl groups across the double bond with two different stereochemical approaches, namely anti and syn. Dihydroxylation using osmium tetroxide progresses with syn stereochemistry.
Aldehydes and Ketones to Alkenes: Wittig Reaction Overview01:19

Aldehydes and Ketones to Alkenes: Wittig Reaction Overview

The Wittig reaction is the conversion of carbonyl compounds-aldehydes and ketones-to alkenes using phosphorus ylides, or the Wittig reagent. The reaction was pioneered by Prof. Georg Wittig, for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 2, 2026

Syntheses, Crystallization, and Spectroscopic Characterization of 3,5-Lutidine N-Oxide Dehydrate
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Syntheses, Crystallization, and Spectroscopic Characterization of 3,5-Lutidine N-Oxide Dehydrate

Published on: April 24, 2018

2,6-Bis(tosyl-oxymeth-yl)pyridine.

Lynette Komarsamy, Muhammad D Bala, Holger B Friedrich

    Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online
    |April 28, 2011
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    This study details the crystal structure of a novel compound, C(21)H(21)NO(6)S(2). The molecular structure features a pyridine ring and a tosyl moiety with specific planar arrangements and a defined dihedral angle.

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    Published on: August 16, 2018

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    Published on: April 24, 2018

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    A Two-Step Protocol for Umpolung Functionalization of Ketones Via Enolonium Species
    08:12

    A Two-Step Protocol for Umpolung Functionalization of Ketones Via Enolonium Species

    Published on: August 16, 2018

    Area of Science:

    • Crystallography
    • Organic Chemistry
    • Molecular Structure Analysis

    Background:

    • Understanding the three-dimensional arrangement of atoms in organic molecules is crucial for predicting their properties and reactivity.
    • The pyridine ring and tosyl groups are common structural motifs in medicinal chemistry and materials science.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To elucidate the detailed crystal structure of the title compound, C(21)H(21)NO(6)S(2).
    • To analyze the spatial relationship and planarity of the pyridine ring and the tosyl moiety within the crystal lattice.

    Main Methods:

    • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis was employed to determine the molecular and crystal structure.
    • The crystallographic data was processed to identify atomic positions, bond lengths, and angles.

    Main Results:

    • The title compound crystallizes with a molecular formula of C(21)H(21)NO(6)S(2).
    • The crystal structure is organized around a twofold axis, with the pyridine and tosyl moieties exhibiting near-planar geometries.
    • A dihedral angle of 33.0(2)° was measured between the mean planes of the pyridine ring and the tosyl group.

    Conclusions:

    • The precise crystal structure of C(21)H(21)NO(6)S(2) has been determined.
    • The observed planarity and dihedral angle provide insights into the conformational preferences and potential intermolecular interactions of this compound.