Reviews on trichinellosis (IV): hepatic involvement

Trichinella sp. larvae are released from the intestine and usually migrate through the liver into the general circulation. Nevertheless, hepatic involvement does not represent a leading feature of human trichinellosis. This narrative systematic review focuses exclusively on hepatic complications of trichinellosis and includes a brief overview and analysis of selected cases reported in the literature. Our major goals were to gather important data to understand the substrate of trichinous liver injury and to provide helpful clinical hints for practitioners. To our knowledge, this is the first international review dedicated to this topic. Thirty two cases were detailed enough to allow pooled analysis. The mean age of the analyzed group was 30.5±17 years old with most cases aged 19 to 29 years (29%). Hepatomegaly was noticed in 34.4% of cases, hypoalbuminemia in 40.6%, and hypoproteinemia in 34.4%. Our systematic analyses demonstrated that hepatic complications were mainly evidenced in fatal cases of trichinellosis (65.6%). The most frequent necroptic findings were parenchymatous and/or fatty degeneration of the liver (59.4%). Although less discussed in the literature than other complications, hepatic involvement should be considered more carefully because of its significant consequences on protein metabolism and liver function. Difficult to be revealed intra vitam, hepatic involvement may represent an additional concern to the classical clinical picture of trichinellosis and other life-threatening complications, especially in severe cases of infection. Consequently, physicians should be aware of any possible liver involvement to ensure adequate management of their patients.