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Related Concept Videos

Long-term Depression01:03

Long-term Depression

Long-term depression, or LTD, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTD is the process of synaptic weakening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic weakening of LTD works in opposition to synaptic strengthening by long-term potentiation (LTP) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Calcium Ion Concentration Mechanism
If over time, all...
Long-term Depression01:05

Long-term Depression

Long-term depression, or LTD, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTD is the process of synaptic weakening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic weakening of LTD works in opposition to synaptic strengthening by long-term potentiation (LTP) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
G-protein Coupled Receptors01:21

G-protein Coupled Receptors

G-protein coupled receptors are ligand binding receptors that indirectly affect changes in the cell. The actual receptor is a single polypeptide that transverses the cell membrane seven times creating intracellular and extracellular loops. The extracellular loops create a ligand specific pocket which binds to neurotransmitters or hormones. The intracellular loops holds onto the G-protein.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 2, 2026

Application of Granger Causality Analysis of the Directed Functional Connection in Alzheimer's Disease and Mild Cognitive Impairment
08:43

Application of Granger Causality Analysis of the Directed Functional Connection in Alzheimer's Disease and Mild Cognitive Impairment

Published on: August 7, 2017

Association study between plasma GDNF and cognitive function in late-onset depression.

Xiaoquan Wang1, Zhenghua Hou, Yonggui Yuan

  • 1Department of Psychiatry, Nanjing Brain Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, PR China.

Journal of Affective Disorders
|April 29, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Plasma glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) is elevated in late-onset depression (LOD) and may contribute to cognitive deficits. This study found higher GDNF levels correlated with poorer cognitive performance in LOD patients.

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Last Updated: Jun 2, 2026

Application of Granger Causality Analysis of the Directed Functional Connection in Alzheimer's Disease and Mild Cognitive Impairment
08:43

Application of Granger Causality Analysis of the Directed Functional Connection in Alzheimer's Disease and Mild Cognitive Impairment

Published on: August 7, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Biochemistry
  • Psychiatry

Background:

  • Neurotrophic factors, including glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), are implicated in major depressive disorder (MDD) pathophysiology.
  • GDNF plays a crucial role in hippocampal cell development and function, a region often affected in depression.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate plasma GDNF levels in patients with late-onset depression (LOD).
  • To determine the association between plasma GDNF levels and cognitive impairment in LOD.

Main Methods:

  • Plasma GDNF levels were quantified using ELISA in 27 LOD patients and 28 controls.
  • Neuropsychological tests and the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) assessed cognitive function and depression severity.

Main Results:

  • LOD patients exhibited significant cognitive deficits across most neuropsychological tests compared to controls.
  • Plasma GDNF levels were significantly higher in LOD patients than in controls (P<0.05).
  • Elevated plasma GDNF positively correlated with Digit Span Test backward scores and negatively with TMT-B performance.

Conclusions:

  • Acute-phase LOD is characterized by widespread cognitive impairments.
  • Increased plasma GDNF may be implicated in the pathogenesis of LOD and associated with cognitive dysfunction.