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Acute Pyelonephritis I: Introduction

Acute Pyelonephritis I: Introduction

Pyelonephritis is a bacterial infection that primarily affects the renal parenchyma and collecting system, including the renal pelvis, tubules, and interstitial tissue of one or both kidneys. It can be classified as either acute—a sudden, severe infection—or chronic, which refers to long-term or recurrent kidney infections.The primary cause of acute pyelonephritis (APN) is bacterial infection, with Escherichia coli accounting for approximately 70-80% of cases. Other bacteria, such as Proteus,...

Acute Pyelonephritis II: Diagnostic Studies and Management

Acute Pyelonephritis II: Diagnostic Studies and Management

Introduction:For diagnosing acute pyelonephritis, a comprehensive patient history is collected to identify symptoms such as dysuria, frequent or urgent urination, flank pain, or costovertebral angle (CVA) tenderness that may suggest a kidney infection.Physical ExaminationDuring the physical examination, CVA tenderness is assessed. This involves gentle percussion over the costovertebral angle, where tenderness often indicates a kidney infection.Diagnostic TestsUrinalysis: Used to identify white...

Pneumonia I: Introduction

Pneumonia I: Introduction

Pneumonia is an infection of the lower respiratory tract that leads to inflammation of the lung parenchyma, often resulting in the accumulation of inflammatory exudate in the alveoli and airways. Unlike the watery, low-protein fluid exudate in pulmonary edema, the exudate in this case is a thick fluid rich in immune cells, proteins, and debris produced during infection and inflammation.This impairs gas exchange and can lead to consolidation of lung tissue. The infection may be caused by a...

Pneumonia I: Introduction

Pneumonia I: Introduction

Pneumonia is an acute respiratory infection that targets the lungs, specifically the alveoli. These tiny air sacs, essential for oxygen exchange, become engorged with pus and fluid, severely hindering breathing, decreasing oxygen absorption, and causing significant pain and discomfort during respiration.
Risk Factors
Various factors influence the likelihood of developing pneumonia. Age plays a crucial role, with infants, children under two, and individuals over 65 at increased risk due to their...

Urinary Tract Infection II: Pathophysiology

Urinary Tract Infection II: Pathophysiology

The pathophysiology of urinary tract infections (UTIs) encompasses several progressive stages, beginning with bacterial colonization and culminating in potential systemic complications if untreated. UTIs are primarily initiated by bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, which often originate from the gastrointestinal tract and migrate to the urinary system through the periurethral area. This migration can occur via several routes, including improper hygiene practices, sexual activity, or...

Urinary Tract Infection I: Introduction

Urinary Tract Infection I: Introduction

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) impact various parts of the urinary system, including the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. These infections are generally bacterial, with Escherichia coli being the most common causative agent, often originating from the gastrointestinal tract. However, other bacteria, such as Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Proteus mirabilis, are also known to cause UTIs. The type, location, and underlying complexity of the UTI guide both...

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Updated: Jun 2, 2026

Intrarenal Injection of Escherichia coli in a Rat Model of Pyelonephritis

Intrarenal Injection of Escherichia coli in a Rat Model of Pyelonephritis

Published on: July 18, 2017

Five patients with emphysematous pyelonephritis.

Indu Bhushan Dubey¹, Vivek Agrawal, Bhupendra Kumar Jain

¹GTB Hospital & University College of Medical Sciences, Delhi, India. dribdubey@gmail.com

Iranian Journal of Kidney Diseases

|April 29, 2011

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Emphysematous pyelonephritis, a severe kidney infection with gas, requires prompt diagnosis and tailored treatment. Management includes antibiotics, supportive care, and interventions like stenting or drainage, with most patients recovering.

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Last Updated: Jun 2, 2026

Intrarenal Injection of Escherichia coli in a Rat Model of Pyelonephritis

Intrarenal Injection of Escherichia coli in a Rat Model of Pyelonephritis

Published on: July 18, 2017

Area of Science:

Nephrology
Infectious Diseases
Urology

Background:

Emphysematous pyelonephritis (EPN) is a rare, aggressive necrotizing infection of the renal parenchyma.
Characterized by gas formation within the kidney or perinephric space, EPN poses a significant mortality risk.

Observation:

This study reports on 5 cases (2 male, 3 female) of EPN.
Management involved broad-spectrum antibiotics, supportive care (hemodialysis, ureteral stenting), perinephric fluid drainage, and diabetes mellitus control.
One non-diabetic patient with a non-obstructed kidney died post-nephrectomy due to septicemia.

Findings:

Four out of five patients were successfully discharged after an average hospital stay of 18 days.
Effective treatment strategies combine antibiotics with interventions to relieve obstruction and drain collections.
Control of underlying conditions, particularly diabetes mellitus, is crucial for patient outcomes.

Implications:

EPN is a life-threatening condition necessitating rapid diagnosis and individualized therapeutic approaches.
Ureteropelvic stenting and drainage of perinephric collections are vital life-saving measures.
Prompt and appropriate management significantly improves patient survival rates.