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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 2, 2026

Clinical Imaging of Microwave Mammography

Clinical Imaging of Microwave Mammography

Published on: November 14, 2025

Gynecomastia - a difficult diagnostic problem.

Marek Derkacz¹, Iwona Chmiel-Perzyńska, Andrzej Nowakowski

¹Department of Endocrinology, Medical University, Lublin, Poland. marekderkacz@interia.pl

Endokrynologia Polska

|April 30, 2011

Summary

Gynecomastia, a benign male breast growth affecting up to 65% of men, stems from hormonal imbalance. Diagnosis involves physical exams and imaging, with the Tanner-Marshall scale aiding progression assessment.

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Area of Science:

Endocrinology
Urology
General Surgery

Background:

Gynecomastia is a common benign enlargement of male breast glandular, fibrous, and adipose tissue.
Affecting 32-65% of men over 17, it presents as a soft, 2-4 cm sub-nipple tissue enlargement.
This condition is a significant psychosocial issue impacting quality of life.

Purpose of the Study:

To describe the frequent and rare causes of gynecomastia.
To outline diagnostic methods for gynecomastia.
To present the Tanner-Marshall scale for disease progression assessment.

Main Methods:

Clinical examination, including palpation.
Diagnostic imaging: ultrasonography, mammography.
Histopathological examination.
Assessment using the Tanner-Marshall scale for staging.

Main Results:

Gynecomastia results from an oestrogen-androgen imbalance, increased oestrogen sensitivity, or local hormonal factors.
Other hormones like prolactin, thyroxine, and cortisol may play a role.
Three types exist: physiological, idiopathic, and pathological (excess oestrogens).

Conclusions:

Gynecomastia diagnosis is primarily clinical, supported by imaging and histology.
Understanding etiopathogenesis is crucial for managing this common condition.
The Tanner-Marshall scale aids in evaluating disease severity and progression.