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Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response01:23

Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response

The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...
Introduction to Innate and Adaptive Immunity01:21

Introduction to Innate and Adaptive Immunity

The human immune system is a complex defense mechanism that protects the body from harmful pathogens and foreign substances. It comprises two crucial components: innate and adaptive immunity.
Innate immunity is the body's natural, nonspecific defense system that acts quickly to protect against pathogens. It incorporates physical barriers like skin and mucous membranes and cellular elements such as phagocytes and natural killer cells. This part of our immune system provides an immediate,...
Secondary Lymphoid Organs01:15

Secondary Lymphoid Organs

Secondary organs, including lymph nodes, the spleen, and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT), work harmoniously to protect us from disease and infection.
The spleen is a vital organ in the lymphatic system, nestled in the upper left side of the abdomen. It is composed of two primary regions: the red pulp and the white pulp, each having distinct functions. The red pulp performs a significant role in blood filtration. It efficiently purges the blood of old or damaged red blood cells and...
Development of Immunocompetence01:22

Development of Immunocompetence

The initiation of cell-mediated immunity can be observed as early as the third month of fetal growth, with active antibody-mediated immunity following approximately one month later.
The initial cells that migrate from the fetal thymus settle within the skin and epithelial tissues lining the mouth, digestive tract, and in females, the uterus and vagina. These cells, including skin-based dendritic cells, serve as antigen-presenting cells, playing a key role in T cell activation.
Subsequent T...
Cell-mediated Immune Responses01:40

Cell-mediated Immune Responses

Overview
Special Features of Adaptive Immunity01:20

Special Features of Adaptive Immunity

The adaptive immune system, a crucial component of the overall immune response, offers a highly specialized defense against pathogens. It involves specific cell types and features, enabling it to combat infections effectively and efficiently.
The primary cell types involved in adaptive immunity are T cells and B cells. Each type has a unique role in defending the body against pathogens. T cells are responsible for cell-mediated immunity. They identify and eliminate infected cells directly,...

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Quantification of the Respiratory Burst Response as an Indicator of Innate Immune Health in Zebrafish
07:07

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Published on: September 12, 2013

Urochordate immunity.

Masaru Nonaka1, Honoo Satake

  • 1Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Tokyo, Japan. mnonaka@biol.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology
|May 3, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Urochordates, close relatives of vertebrates, utilize innate immunity, lacking adaptive immunity. Their Toll-like receptors and complement systems show evolutionary links to vertebrates, while allorecognition systems appear unique.

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Published on: November 21, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Invertebrate Immunology
  • Evolution of Immune Systems
  • Comparative Genomics

Background:

  • Urochordates are the closest living relatives to vertebrates.
  • Vertebrates possess adaptive immunity, a trait absent in urochordates.
  • Urochordates rely solely on innate immunity for pathogen defense.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the urochordate immune system.
  • To compare urochordate immune systems with vertebrate counterparts.
  • To understand the evolutionary relationships of urochordate immunity.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative analysis of immune system components.
  • Review of existing literature on urochordate and vertebrate immunity.
  • Examination of evolutionary relationships through orthology.

Main Results:

  • Urochordate Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are orthologous to vertebrate TLRs but possess unique urochordate-specific features.
  • The urochordate complement system is orthologous to the vertebrate system, appearing as a more primitive form.
  • Urochordate allorecognition systems lack evolutionary links to known vertebrate or invertebrate systems, suggesting independent origin.

Conclusions:

  • Urochordate innate immunity provides insights into early vertebrate immune evolution.
  • TLRs and complement systems highlight conserved evolutionary pathways.
  • Unique allorecognition systems in urochordates indicate novel immune strategies.