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Related Concept Videos

Arboviral Encephalitis01:25

Arboviral Encephalitis

Arboviral encephalitis refers to brain inflammation caused by arthropod-borne viruses, particularly those transmitted through mosquito vectors. Among these, West Nile virus (WNV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, is a significant public health concern. WNV is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. Human infection typically begins when an infected mosquito introduces the virus into the dermis during feeding. The primary transmission cycle involves birds as amplifying hosts...
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Encephalitis l: Introduction

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...
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Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (RMSF) is a severe tick-borne illness caused by Rickettsia rickettsii, a Gram-negative, coccobacillary bacterium. This pathogen is an obligate intracellular parasite, requiring a host cell for replication. Transmission occurs through the bite of an infected tick. In the United States, the most important vectors are Dermacentor variabilis (American dog tick) and Dermacentor andersoni (Rocky Mountain wood tick), though other tick species may also serve as vectors.
Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology01:26

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...
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Rabies

Rabies is a lethal zoonotic disease caused by a single-stranded, negative-sense RNA virus of the Lyssavirus genus, within the family Rhabdoviridae. Its primary mode of transmission to humans is through bites or saliva-contaminated scratches from infected mammals such as dogs, bats, raccoons, or foxes. Transmission can also occur if infectious saliva contacts abraded skin or intact mucous membranes, including the conjunctiva.Viral Entry and Early ReplicationOnce introduced at the bite or scratch...
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Viral meningitis is the most common form of meningitis and is often referred to as aseptic meningitis to indicate the absence of bacterial involvement. It is generally milder than bacterial meningitis, with symptoms including fever, headache, stiff neck, drowsiness, nausea, photophobia, and vomiting. Rarely, more severe manifestations or death may occur. Common causative agents include enteroviruses, particularly coxsackie A and B viruses and echoviruses, all members of the Enterovirus genus...

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Detection of Infectious Virus from Field-collected Mosquitoes by Vero Cell Culture Assay
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Tick-borne encephalitis virus, Kyrgyzstan.

Benjamin J Briggs1, Barry Atkinson, Donna M Czechowski

  • 1State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14214, USA. bjbriggs@buffalo.edu

Emerging Infectious Diseases
|May 3, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is spreading in Kyrgyzstan. This study found TBEV in small mammals and ticks at higher altitudes and farther south than previously documented, indicating a changing geographic range for this emerging pathogen.

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Epidemiology
  • Ecology

Background:

  • Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is a significant emerging zoonotic pathogen.
  • TBEV poses a growing public health concern in Europe and Asia.
  • Understanding TBEV's geographic distribution is crucial for effective disease control.

Observation:

  • Small mammals and ticks were collected from various locations in Kyrgyzstan.
  • Samples were analyzed for the presence of TBEV infection.
  • TBEV circulation was detected in the studied populations.

Findings:

  • TBEV was found to be circulating in Kyrgyzstan at higher altitudes than previously recorded.
  • The virus's presence was documented farther south in Kyrgyzstan than earlier reports indicated.
  • This suggests a northward expansion of the TBEV geographic range.

Implications:

  • The findings highlight the need for updated risk assessments and public health surveillance in Kyrgyzstan.
  • Expanded TBEV distribution necessitates re-evaluation of prevention strategies and public awareness campaigns.
  • Further research is warranted to understand the ecological factors driving TBEV range expansion.