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Related Concept Videos

Improving Translational Accuracy02:07

Improving Translational Accuracy

Base complementarity between the three base pairs of mRNA codon and the tRNA anticodon is not a failsafe mechanism. Inaccuracies can range from a single mismatch to no correct base pairing at all. The free energy difference between the correct and nearly correct base pairs can be as small as 3 kcal/ mol. With complementarity being the only proofreading step, the estimated error frequency would be one wrong amino acid in every 100 amino acids incorporated. However, error frequencies observed in...
Initiation of Translation02:33

Initiation of Translation

Initiating translation is complex because it involves multiple molecules. Initiator tRNA, ribosomal subunits, and eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) are all required to assemble on the initiation codon of mRNA. This process consists of several steps that are mediated by different eIFs.
First, the initiator tRNA must be selected from the pool of elongator tRNAs by eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2). The initiator tRNA (Met-tRNAi) has conserved sequence elements including modified bases at...
Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...
Initiation of Translation02:33

Initiation of Translation

Initiating translation is complex because it involves multiple molecules. Initiator tRNA, ribosomal subunits, and eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) are all required to assemble on the initiation codon of mRNA. This process consists of several steps that are mediated by different eIFs.
First, the initiator tRNA must be selected from the pool of elongator tRNAs by eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2). The initiator tRNA (Met-tRNAi) has conserved sequence elements including modified bases at...
Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps01:23

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the addition of a...
Translational Regulation01:29

Translational Regulation

Translational regulation in prokaryotes ensures efficient protein synthesis by controlling ribosome access to mRNA. This regulation is mediated by secondary RNA structures, including translational riboswitches, RNA thermometers, and small RNAs (sRNAs), which respond to intracellular and environmental signals to modulate gene expression.Translational RiboswitchesRiboswitches in the leader region of mRNAs can regulate translation by altering the accessibility of the Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence,...

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In vivo Interrogation of Central Nervous System Translatome by Polyribosome Fractionation
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Translational control by the eukaryotic ribosome.

Ivan Topisirovic1, Nahum Sonenberg

  • 1Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. ivan.topisirovic@mcgill.ca

Cell
|May 3, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Loss of ribosomal protein L38 in mice selectively reduces Hox mRNA translation. This suggests ribosomal proteins are critical for embryonic development, impacting gene expression during this key stage.

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Developmental Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Ribosomes are essential molecular machines responsible for protein synthesis across all domains of life.
  • The precise roles of individual ribosomal proteins in regulating gene expression, particularly during development, are not fully understood.

Discussion:

  • Kondrashov et al. (2011) investigated the functional impact of ribosomal protein L38 (RPL38) deficiency in a mouse model.
  • The study observed a specific decrease in the translation of homeobox (Hox) mRNAs in mice lacking functional RPL38.

Key Insights:

  • Loss of RPL38 function leads to a selective impairment in the translation of Hox mRNAs.
  • This selective translational defect suggests a specialized role for RPL38 in regulating the expression of key developmental genes.

Outlook:

  • Further research is needed to elucidate the molecular mechanisms by which RPL38 influences Hox mRNA translation.
  • Understanding these mechanisms could reveal novel therapeutic targets for developmental disorders linked to aberrant gene expression.