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Related Concept Videos

Cirrhosis I: Introduction01:23

Cirrhosis I: Introduction

Cirrhosis is a chronic, irreversible liver disease characterized by the widespread replacement of healthy liver tissue with fibrotic scar tissue and the formation of regenerative nodules.Etiology of cirrhosisCirrhosis results from sustained liver injury that triggers progressive fibrosis and structural remodeling. The underlying causes are diverse, encompassing common and less frequent clinical conditions. Regardless of the origin, all causes lead to chronic inflammation, hepatocyte loss, and...
Cirrhosis II: Pathophysiology01:24

Cirrhosis II: Pathophysiology

Cirrhosis is a progressive chronic liver injury caused by prolonged inflammation, excessive fibrotic remodeling, and impaired regeneration. Over time, repeated hepatic insults disrupt the liver’s architecture and function, leading to reduced blood flow, impaired bile drainage, and diminished metabolic capacity.Pathophysiology of cirrhosisCirrhosis arises from three main responses to chronic liver damage: inflammation, immune activation, and hepatocyte death. These processes lead to structural...
Chronic Pancreatitis II: Pathophysiology01:21

Chronic Pancreatitis II: Pathophysiology

Chronic pancreatitis is a progressive and irreversible inflammation of the pancreas, most often caused by long-term alcohol abuse, but it can also be related to ductal obstruction, smoking, or genetic factors.Chronic pancreatitis occurs when the pancreas is repeatedly exposed to harmful agents like alcohol, smoking, ductal obstruction, or genetic predisposition. These factors lead to the release of toxic metabolites and inflammatory cytokines, sustaining chronic inflammation in the pancreatic...
Chronic Pancreatitis I: Introduction01:25

Chronic Pancreatitis I: Introduction

Chronic pancreatitis is a long-standing, relapsing inflammation of the pancreas, characterized by irreversible damage to the gland. It results in progressive destruction of the pancreatic parenchyma, fibrosis, and eventual loss of both exocrine and endocrine function. The disease may evolve gradually after multiple episodes of acute pancreatitis or develop independently.EtiologyChronic pancreatitis can arise from a variety of causes:Alcohol use is the leading cause, accounting for 70–80% of...
Chronic Pancreatitis I: Introduction01:24

Chronic Pancreatitis I: Introduction

The pancreas, an elongated and flat gland situated behind the stomach, serves a vital function in digesting food and managing blood sugar levels.
Pancreatitis is the inflammation of the pancreas, which occurs when the immune system becomes active and causes swelling, pain, and disruptions in organ function. Pancreatitis can manifest as either an acute or chronic condition.
Acute pancreatitis arises suddenly and lasts for a brief duration, while chronic pancreatitis is a long-term affliction...
Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder01:26

Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder

Liver and gallbladder diseases are a significant health concern, with prominent conditions including cirrhosis, hepatitis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and gallstones. Jaundice is a common manifestation of liver and biliary disease.
Cirrhosis is characterized by the scarring of hepatic lobules in the liver, which are replaced by fibrous tissue, affecting the liver's normal functioning. NAFLD, on the other hand, is caused by an excessive build-up of fat in the liver, not related to...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 2, 2026

Complete Laparoscopic Radical Resection of Perihilar Cholangiocarcinoma Type IIIb
04:50

Complete Laparoscopic Radical Resection of Perihilar Cholangiocarcinoma Type IIIb

Published on: January 17, 2025

Primary biliary cirrhosis.

Carlo Selmi1, Christopher L Bowlus, M Eric Gershwin

  • 1Department of Translational Medicine, IRCCS-Istituto Clinico Humanitas, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.

Lancet (London, England)
|May 3, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) is an autoimmune liver disease diagnosed by antimitochondrial antibodies (AMAs). Treatment with ursodeoxycholic acid improves prognosis but alternative therapies are needed for non-responders.

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Last Updated: Jun 2, 2026

Complete Laparoscopic Radical Resection of Perihilar Cholangiocarcinoma Type IIIb
04:50

Complete Laparoscopic Radical Resection of Perihilar Cholangiocarcinoma Type IIIb

Published on: January 17, 2025

Area of Science:

  • Hepatology
  • Autoimmunology
  • Gastroenterology

Background:

  • Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) is a chronic autoimmune liver disease characterized by intrahepatic bile duct destruction.
  • Evidence suggests both genetic predisposition and environmental factors (chemicals, infections) contribute to PBC pathogenesis.
  • Increased incidence may be linked to enhanced diagnostic testing rather than a true rise in disease occurrence.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize the current understanding of primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management.
  • To highlight the role of antimitochondrial antibodies (AMAs) in diagnosis.
  • To discuss the impact of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) treatment and the need for alternative therapies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on primary biliary cirrhosis.
  • Analysis of diagnostic markers, including antimitochondrial antibodies (AMAs).
  • Evaluation of treatment outcomes with ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA).

Main Results:

  • Antimitochondrial antibodies (AMAs) are the diagnostic hallmark for most primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) cases, enabling early detection.
  • Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) is the primary treatment, slowing disease progression and improving prognosis.
  • A subset of patients shows inadequate response to UDCA, necessitating exploration of alternative therapeutic strategies.

Conclusions:

  • Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) is a complex autoimmune liver disease with multifactorial etiology.
  • Early diagnosis and UDCA treatment have significantly improved patient outcomes.
  • Further research into alternative treatments is crucial for patients unresponsive to current therapies.