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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
Inflammatory Bowel Disease III: Crohn's Disease01:25

Inflammatory Bowel Disease III: Crohn's Disease

Crohn’s disease is a chronic, relapsing form of inflammatory bowel disease characterized by segmental, transmural inflammation that can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract. Its pathogenesis arises from a combination of genetic susceptibility, environmental exposures, epithelial barrier dysfunction, and immune dysregulation. Together, these factors lead to an exaggerated immune response against components of the gut microbiome.Genetic and Environmental InfluencesMultiple genetic...
Inhibitors of Viral Protein Synthesis01:30

Inhibitors of Viral Protein Synthesis

Protein synthesis is indispensable for viral replication, as viruses lack the cellular machinery required for this process and must hijack the host's translational apparatus. In response, host cells deploy a critical innate immune defense involving interferons, specialized cytokines that play a central role in inhibiting viral propagation.Upon viral detection, infected cells release interferons that bind to receptors on adjacent uninfected cells, activating the JAK-STAT signaling pathway and...
Inflammatory Response01:28

Inflammatory Response

An inflammatory response is a localized, nonspecific immune reaction that occurs when a tissue is injured. It is characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain, which are commonly called the cardinal signs and symptoms of inflammation. Inflammation can sometimes result in a loss of function.
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Drugs for Treatment of Crohn's Disease in IBD Using Immunomodulatory Agents

Crohn's disease is an inflammatory bowel disorder marked by chronic inflammation of the GI tract. Various treatment strategies for Crohn's disease are employed, such as immunomodulatory agents, glucocorticoids, and biologics or anti-TNF therapy. Azathioprine (Imuran), a commonly used immunomodulatory drug for Crohn's disease, is converted in the body to mercaptopurine, which inhibits purine biosynthesis and cell proliferation. Both are utilized in severe cases of Inflammatory Bowel Disease...
Inflammatory Response I: Vascular and Cellular01:30

Inflammatory Response I: Vascular and Cellular

The inflammatory response is the body's defense against infection, injury, or irritation from bacteria, trauma, toxins, or heat. Inflammation helps locate and destroy pathogens and remove damaged tissue elements to heal the body. During this initial phase, fluid, blood products, and nutrients migrate to the injured area, resulting in redness, heat, swelling, ache, and loss of function. Moreover, signs of systemic inflammation include fever, increased WBC count, malaise, anorexia, nausea,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 2, 2026

In Vitro Differentiation of Naive CD4+ T Cells into Pathogenic Th17 Cells in Mouse
07:46

In Vitro Differentiation of Naive CD4+ T Cells into Pathogenic Th17 Cells in Mouse

Published on: October 25, 2024

Interferon-β exacerbates Th17-mediated inflammatory disease.

Robert C Axtell1, Chander Raman, Lawrence Steinman

  • 1Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. axterobe@stanford.edu

Trends in Immunology
|May 3, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Interferon-beta (IFN-β) is a common multiple sclerosis (MS) treatment, but many patients do not respond. A prominent Th17 immune response indicates IFN-β ineffectiveness and potential harm in diverse diseases.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Neurology
  • Autoimmune Diseases

Background:

  • Interferon-beta (IFN-β) is a primary treatment for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS).
  • A significant percentage of MS patients (30-50%) exhibit non-responsiveness to IFN-β.
  • IFN-β can exacerbate MS symptoms and consistently worsens neuromyelitis optica (NMO).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify biomarkers predicting IFN-β treatment outcomes in RRMS and other diseases.
  • To avoid ineffective treatments and potential harm from IFN-β.
  • To elucidate the mechanisms underlying IFN-β response and non-response.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of human samples from patients with RRMS, NMO, psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and ulcerative colitis.
  • Investigation of immune response profiles, specifically focusing on T helper 17 (Th17) cells.

Main Results:

  • A prominent Th17 immune response was identified as a predictor of IFN-β ineffectiveness.
  • This Th17-dominant immune response is associated with poor clinical outcomes in diverse autoimmune conditions.
  • Biomarker discovery offers potential for personalized treatment strategies.

Conclusions:

  • The presence of a strong Th17 immune response suggests that IFN-β is likely to be ineffective and may worsen disease.
  • Identifying Th17 dominance as a biomarker can guide treatment decisions, improving patient outcomes.
  • This finding has implications for managing multiple sclerosis and other immune-mediated diseases.