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Related Concept Videos

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease II: Emphysema01:23

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease II: Emphysema

Emphysema, a major phenotype of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), is characterized by irreversible destruction of alveolar walls and permanent enlargement of distal airspaces. Unlike chronic bronchitis, which primarily affects the airways, emphysema predominantly involves the lung parenchyma, where structural damage leads to airflow limitation.PathophysiologyIt most commonly results from prolonged exposure to cigarette smoke and other toxic gases, particularly cigarette smoke.
Atelectasis II: Pathophysiology01:10

Atelectasis II: Pathophysiology

Atelectasis develops when alveoli lose their air and collapse inward. Because lung tissue is naturally elastic, these air sacs shrink rather than remaining open. Collapsed alveoli are no longer ventilated, reducing their role in gas exchange. Blood flow may continue in these regions, creating a ventilation–perfusion mismatch. Clinical findings include decreased breath sounds, dullness to percussion, reduced chest expansion, and decreased tactile fremitus as sound transmission through collapsed...
Asthma-III: Symptoms and Complications01:24

Asthma-III: Symptoms and Complications

Asthma, a common chronic respiratory condition, is classified considering the frequency and severity of symptoms alongside lung function impairment. Understanding this classification is essential for appropriate treatment and management. Here's a detailed look at the classification of asthma and its clinical features and complications:
Classification of Asthma
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-III: Symptoms and Complications.01:25

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-III: Symptoms and Complications.

Understanding the variety of primary symptoms and systemic complications that characterize chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is crucial for healthcare professionals.
Symptoms of COPD can be classified as primary or systemic. Primary symptoms relate to reduced airflow, while systemic or extrapulmonary symptoms relate to COPD's broader impact on the body.
Primary Symptoms of COPD:

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 2, 2026

Imaging Features of Systemic Sclerosis-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease
04:44

Imaging Features of Systemic Sclerosis-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease

Published on: June 16, 2020

Adverse events during the Scleroderma Lung Study.

Daniel E Furst1, Chi-Hong Tseng, Philip J Clements

  • 1David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90025, USA. gvaldivia@mednet.ucla.edu

The American Journal of Medicine
|May 3, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Oral cyclophosphamide increased adverse events, particularly mild leukopenia, in scleroderma patients. However, over two years, it showed no increased risk of serious adverse events, cancer, or death compared to placebo.

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Area of Science:

  • Pulmonary Medicine
  • Rheumatology
  • Clinical Pharmacology

Background:

  • The Scleroderma Lung Study (SLS) previously demonstrated oral cyclophosphamide's efficacy in treating scleroderma-related pulmonary alveolitis.
  • This study provides an in-depth toxicity assessment of cyclophosphamide over one year of therapy and one year post-therapy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the safety and toxicity profile of oral cyclophosphamide in patients with systemic sclerosis and lung involvement.
  • To compare adverse events between cyclophosphamide and placebo groups over a two-year period.

Main Methods:

  • A one-year, double-blind, randomized controlled trial comparing oral cyclophosphamide to placebo.
  • One-year masked follow-up after the treatment period.
  • Adverse events were systematically recorded and statistically compared between groups.

Main Results:

  • Patients receiving cyclophosphamide experienced more treatment-related adverse events (AEs) than placebo, notably mild to moderate leukopenia.
  • No significant differences were observed in the occurrence of cancer, serious related AEs, or deaths between the cyclophosphamide and placebo groups over two years.

Conclusions:

  • While oral cyclophosphamide is associated with an increased incidence of overall AEs and leukopenia, it does not elevate the risk of serious AEs, cancer, or death in this patient population.
  • The findings support a careful risk-benefit assessment when considering cyclophosphamide for systemic sclerosis with lung involvement.