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Related Concept Videos

iChip01:24

iChip

The cultivation of environmental microorganisms has long been hindered by the inability to replicate complex native conditions in vitro. The isolation chip (iChip) addresses this limitation by facilitating the growth of previously uncultivable microorganisms through in situ incubation. Designed for high-throughput microbial cultivation, the iChip comprises hundreds of microchambers, each capable of housing a single microbial cell. These microchambers are loaded with a mixture of molten agar and...
Export of Mitochondrial and Chloroplast Genes02:19

Export of Mitochondrial and Chloroplast Genes

A eukaryotic cell can have up to three different types of genetic systems: nuclear, mitochondrial, and chloroplast. During evolution, organelles have exported many genes to the nucleus; this transfer is still ongoing in some plant species. Approximately 18% of the Arabidopsis thaliana nuclear genome is thought to be derived from the chloroplast’s cyanobacterial ancestor, and around 75% of the yeast genome derived from the mitochondria’s bacterial ancestor. This export has occurred irrespective...
Gene Conversion02:08

Gene Conversion

Other than maintaining genome stability via DNA repair, homologous recombination plays an important role in diversifying the genome. In fact, the recombination of sequences forms the molecular basis of genomic evolution. Random and non-random permutations of genomic sequences create a library of new amalgamated sequences. These newly formed genomes can determine the fitness and survival of cells. In bacteria, homologous and non-homologous types of recombination lead to the evolution of new...
Chromatin Immunoprecipitation- ChIP02:36

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation- ChIP

Chromatin immunoprecipitation, or ChIP, is an antibody-based technique used to identify sites on DNA that bind to transcription factors of interest or histone proteins. It also helps determine the type of histone modifications such as acetylation, phosphorylation, or methylation.
Types of ChIP
ChIP can be divided into two types - X-ChIP and N-ChIP. X-ChIP involves in vivo cross-linking of histones and regulatory proteins to DNA, fragmenting the DNA by sonication, and isolating the protein-DNA...
Exon Recombination02:32

Exon Recombination

The evolution of new genes is critical for speciation. Exon recombination, also known as exon shuffling or domain shuffling, is an important means of new gene formation. It is observed across vertebrates, invertebrates, and in some plants such as potatoes and sunflowers. During exon recombination, exons from the same or different genes recombine and produce new exon-intron combinations, which might evolve into new genes. 
Exon shuffling follows “splice frame rules.” Each exon has three reading...
Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes03:21

Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes

While every living organism has a genome of some kind (be it RNA, or DNA), there is considerable variation in the sizes of these blueprints. One major factor that impacts genome size is whether the organism is prokaryotic or eukaryotic. In prokaryotes, the genome contains little to no non-coding sequence, such that genes are tightly clustered in groups or operons sequentially along the chromosome. Conversely, the genes in eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of non-coding sequence.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 2, 2026

Interrogating Individual Autoreactive Germinal Centers by Photoactivation in a Mixed Chimeric Model of Autoimmunity
11:12

Interrogating Individual Autoreactive Germinal Centers by Photoactivation in a Mixed Chimeric Model of Autoimmunity

Published on: April 11, 2019

Microchimerism: covert genetics?

Yi Ye1, Van Zyl Berendine, Charlotte Hellmich

  • 1Diabetes and Metabolism, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol UK.

International Journal of Molecular Epidemiology and Genetics
|May 3, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Microchimerism, the transfer of cells between mother and fetus, is linked to various diseases. Further research into these semi-allogeneic cells could unlock new medical treatments.

Keywords:
Foetal microchimerismautoimmune diseasesmaternal microchimerism

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Trans-inner Cell Mass Injection of Embryonic Stem Cells Leads to Higher Chimerism Rates
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Trans-inner Cell Mass Injection of Embryonic Stem Cells Leads to Higher Chimerism Rates

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Last Updated: Jun 2, 2026

Interrogating Individual Autoreactive Germinal Centers by Photoactivation in a Mixed Chimeric Model of Autoimmunity
11:12

Interrogating Individual Autoreactive Germinal Centers by Photoactivation in a Mixed Chimeric Model of Autoimmunity

Published on: April 11, 2019

Chromatin Extraction from Frozen Chimeric Liver Tissue for Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Analysis
09:26

Chromatin Extraction from Frozen Chimeric Liver Tissue for Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Analysis

Published on: March 23, 2021

Trans-inner Cell Mass Injection of Embryonic Stem Cells Leads to Higher Chimerism Rates
05:53

Trans-inner Cell Mass Injection of Embryonic Stem Cells Leads to Higher Chimerism Rates

Published on: May 29, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Genetics
  • Immunology
  • Reproductive Biology

Background:

  • Genetics research has focused on common variants for complex diseases.
  • Microchimerism (maternal and fetal cells) is an understudied genetic mechanism.
  • Elevated microchimerism levels are associated with several diseases, particularly autoimmunity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the role of microchimerism in disease susceptibility and resistance.
  • To investigate the differing theories on microchimeric cells' function in disease pathology.
  • To highlight the potential of microchimeric cells in cancer surveillance and tissue repair.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing data and studies on microchimerism.
  • Analysis of associations between microchimerism levels and disease states.
  • Exploration of immunological tolerance mechanisms for semi-allogeneic cells.

Main Results:

  • Microchimerism involves bi-directional cell transfer across the placental barrier.
  • Theories on microchimerism's role include increased susceptibility, immune effector/target, or tissue repair.
  • Semi-allogeneic microchimeric cells are tolerated in healthy individuals at lower levels than in disease.

Conclusions:

  • Microchimerism represents a significant, yet understudied, area in genetic disease research.
  • Further technological advancements will enhance understanding and therapeutic manipulation of microchimeric cells.
  • Microchimeric cells show potential for immune surveillance, repair, and future medical applications.