Evolution of repeated structures along the body axis of jawed vertebrates, insights from the Scyliorhinus canicula...

The Hox gene family encodes homeodomain-containing transcription factors involved in the patterning of structures composed of repeated elements along the antero-posterior axis of Bilateralia embryos. In vertebrate, Hox genes are thought to control the segmental identity of the rhombomeres, the branchial arches, and the somites. They are therefore thought to have played a key role in the morphological evolution of structures like the jaw, girdles, and vertebrae in gnathostomes. Thus far, our knowledge about the expression patterns of the Hox genes, the Hox code, has been mainly restricted to osteichthyans species and little is known about chondrichthyans. Recently, we identified 34 Hox genes clustered in three complexes (HoxA, HoxB, and HoxD) in the dogfish (Scyliorhinus canicula) genome suggesting that in sharks most, if not all, genes belonging to the HoxC complex are lost. To gain insights into the evolution of gnathostome Hox transcription, we present here expression patterns along the anteroposterior axis for all Hox genes known in the dogfish. A comparison of these patterns with those of osteichthyans shows that the expression patterns of the Hox genes in serially homologous compartments such as the branchial arches, the hindbrain, and the somites underwent only subtle changes during the evolution of gnathostomes. Therefore, the nested expression of Hox genes in these structures, the Hox code, is a ground plan, which predates the morphological diversification of serially homologous structures along the body axis.