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Physiological Foundation of Stress

Physiological Foundation of Stress

Stress triggers a coordinated physiological response involving the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. This dual activation ensures that the body is prepared for both immediate and prolonged stress management. The process begins with the perception of a stressor. This initial phase activates the SNS, leading to the rapid release of adrenaline (epinephrine) from the adrenal glands.
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Psychoneuroimmunology: Cardiovascular Disease

Psychoneuroimmunology: Cardiovascular Disease

Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) is a multidisciplinary field that examines how psychological factors, particularly stress, interact with the immune system and impact physical health. Research in PNI has shown that chronic or traumatic stress can disrupt both the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the sympathetic nervous system. These disruptions contribute to serious health conditions, including cardiovascular diseases.
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Introduction to Stress and Lifestyle

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Stress is a multifaceted response to events perceived as challenging or threatening, highlighting physical, emotional, cognitive, and behavioral reactions. Physically, stress can lead to fatigue, sleep disruptions, and various health issues such as frequent colds, chest pains, and nausea. Emotionally, it can manifest as anxiety, depression, irritability, and anger triggered by both minor and major life events. Cognitively, it may result in difficulty in concentration, memory, and...

Components of Stress

Components of Stress

Stress analysis under multiple loading conditions is intricate, necessitating a comprehensive grasp of normal and shearing stresses. Consider a small cube at point O, subjected to stress on all six faces, visible or not. Normal stress components σx, σy, σz act perpendicularly to the x, y, and z axes. Shearing stress components τxy and τxz are exerted on faces perpendicular to these axes.
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Psychological Responses to Stress

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Psychological responses to stress encompass the various cognitive and emotional reactions individuals experience when faced with challenging or threatening situations, such as a job loss. Prolonged exposure to stressors can disturb emotional balance, increasing negative emotions (e.g., anxiety and sadness) and diminishing positive emotions (e.g., joy and satisfaction). These persistent emotional shifts are associated with an increased risk of both physical illness and mental health issues, such...

Applications of Stress

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Consider a structure made of a boom and a rod designed to support a load. These two components are connected by a pin and stabilized by brackets and pins. The boom and the rod are detached from their supports to assess the different stresses imposed on this structure, and a free-body diagram is drawn. Then, all the forces applied, including the load acting on the structure, are identified. The reaction forces exerted on both the boom and the rod are computed using the equilibrium equations.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 2, 2026

Using a Murine Model of Psychosocial Stress in Pregnancy as a Translationally Relevant Paradigm for Psychiatric Disorders in Mothers and Infants

Using a Murine Model of Psychosocial Stress in Pregnancy as a Translationally Relevant Paradigm for Psychiatric Disorders in Mothers and Infants

Published on: June 13, 2021

Prenatal stress in birds: pathways, effects, function and perspectives.

Rie Henriksen¹, Sophie Rettenbacher, Ton G G Groothuis

¹Behavioural Biology, Institute of Behavioural Neuroscience, University of Groningen, The Netherlands. riehe@sol.dk

Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews

|May 4, 2011

Summary

Prenatal stress in birds, specifically corticosterone exposure, influences offspring behavior and physiology. Maternal corticosterone affects embryos via egg components, but results vary due to environmental and biological factors.

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Area of Science:

* Comparative animal physiology
* Developmental biology
* Behavioral ecology

Background:

* Prenatal stress research primarily focuses on mammals.
* Avian embryos offer a unique model for studying prenatal development due to external egg development.
* The egg environment allows for direct measurement and manipulation of maternal substances.

Purpose of the Study:

* To critically review the effects of prenatal corticosterone on avian offspring.
* To explore how maternal corticosterone influences embryo development and subsequent physiology and behavior.
* To compare findings with existing mammalian literature.

Main Methods:

* Review of studies involving elevated maternal plasma corticosterone during egg formation in birds.
* Review of studies involving direct corticosterone injections into avian eggs.
* Comparative analysis with selected mammalian literature.

Main Results:

* Prenatal corticosterone exposure affects avian offspring behavior and physiology.
* Maternal corticosterone influences embryos through alterations in egg composition.
* Inconsistent results observed, potentially due to interactions with postnatal environment, sex, age, and developmental mode.

Conclusions:

* Maternal corticosterone is a significant factor in prenatal programming in birds.
* Further research is needed to understand adaptive maternal programming and resolve inconsistencies.
* Avian models provide valuable insights into prenatal stress effects across species.