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Related Concept Videos

Chromatographic Methods: Terminology01:18

Chromatographic Methods: Terminology

Chromatography is an analytical technique widely used in fields such as chemistry, biology, environmental science, and pharmaceuticals to separate the components of a mixture and identify substances between them. The process of chromatography is based on the interactions between two distinct phases: the stationary phase and the mobile phase. The stationary phase is fixed in place by a supporting material, while the mobile phase moves over it, carrying the solutes. As the mobile phase travels,...
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Chromatography: Introduction

Chromatography is a technique used to separate compounds based on differences of partitioning between two phases, the stationary phase and the mobile phase.
The phase in which the compounds linger or on which the compounds adsorb is called the stationary phase, whereas the mobile phase is the solvent that carries the solutes to be analyzed. In traditional column chromatography, the mixture flows through the stationary phase, and the compounds partition between the stationary and mobile phases...
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The chromatography technique was first invented in 1901 by Michael S. Tswett, a Russian botanist, to separate plant pigments using organic solvents. Further, in 1941, Archer John Porter Martin and R. L. M. Synge modified the technique by packing silica gel into a column. A mixture of amino acids was then separated on the packed column using chloroform and water mixture as the mobile phase. This was the first report on column chromatography. At present, column chromatography is a widely used...
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Ion-exchange chromatography, or IEC, is a technique for separating ions based on their affinity for the stationary phase. The stationary phase is a cross-linked polymer resin with covalently attached ionic functional groups. The functional groups can be either positively charged (cation exchangers) or negatively charged (anion exchangers). A cation exchanger consists of a polymeric anion and active cations, while an anion exchanger is a polymeric cation with active anions. The choice of...
High-Performance Liquid Chromatography: Introduction01:11

High-Performance Liquid Chromatography: Introduction

High-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC), formerly referred to as High-pressure liquid chromatography, is a powerful technique used to separate, identify, and quantify components in complex mixtures. The term "high pressure" refers to using high pressure to push the liquid mobile phase through the tightly packed columns.
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High-Performance Liquid Chromatography: Elution Process01:05

High-Performance Liquid Chromatography: Elution Process

In High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), the elution process is critical to the separation of analytes and the quality of chromatographic results. Elution describes how compounds move through the column and separate based on their interactions with the mobile and stationary phases. This process determines the resolution, peak shape, and retention times in the chromatogram, which are essential for identifying and quantifying components in complex mixtures. Understanding the elution...

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Counter-current chromatography: simple process and confusing terminology.

Walter D Conway1

  • 1School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, 569 Hochstetter Hall, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA. wdconway@buffalo.edu

Journal of Chromatography. A
|May 4, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Counter-current chromatography (CCC) offers an elegant elution mechanism. Standardized terminology for CCC parameters is proposed to improve research dissemination and understanding of solute retention.

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Area of Science:

  • Separation Science
  • Chromatography
  • Analytical Chemistry

Background:

  • Counter-current chromatography (CCC) is a liquid-liquid partition chromatography technique.
  • Understanding solute elution and retention is crucial for effective separation.
  • Existing chromatography and liquid-liquid distribution parameters lack consistent definitions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explain the elution mechanism and retention equation of CCC.
  • To highlight the impact of CCC's high stationary phase volume on resolution.
  • To propose standardized nomenclature and definitions for CCC parameters.

Main Methods:

  • Derivation of the CCC retention equation from fundamental principles.
  • Analysis of solute elution based on distribution coefficients.
  • Review and comparison of existing chromatography parameter definitions.

Main Results:

  • The CCC retention equation, V(R)=V(M)+K(C)V(S), accurately describes solute elution.
  • High stationary phase volume in CCC significantly enhances separation resolution.
  • Numerous conflicts in nomenclature and definitions for chromatography parameters were identified.

Conclusions:

  • Standardized terminology, including defining K(Δ(A)) as the species partition ratio, is proposed for CCC.
  • Clarification of parameters like V(M), V(H), V(X), H(V), H(L), and β is recommended.
  • Adoption of proposed definitions will facilitate accurate dissemination of CCC research.