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Related Concept Videos

Spinal Nerves: Plexus I01:22

Spinal Nerves: Plexus I

Nerve plexuses are networks of interlacing nerves that serve as communication hubs to distribute and organize nerve action across various body regions. The nerve plexuses are organized into the cervical plexus located in the neck region, brachial plexus in the shoulder area, lumbar plexus found in the lower back, sacral plexus situated in the pelvis, and coccygeal plexus located in the coccygeal region.
The Cervical Plexus
The cervical plexus, formed by the anterior rami of the first four...
Spinal Nerves: Anatomy01:23

Spinal Nerves: Anatomy

Spinal nerves are pivotal conduits in the nervous system, bridging the central nervous system (CNS) with the peripheral nervous system (PNS). These nerves enable a complex communication network between the brain, spinal cord, and the rest of the body, facilitating sensory input, motor output, and autonomic functions.
There are 31 bilateral pairs of spinal nerves, each emerging from the spinal cord through the intervertebral foramina—openings between adjacent vertebrae. These nerves are...
Sympathetic Pathways: Sympathetic Chain Ganglia01:20

Sympathetic Pathways: Sympathetic Chain Ganglia

The sympathetic chain ganglia, also known as the sympathetic trunk ganglia or paravertebral ganglia, are a series of ganglia located bilaterally on either side of the spinal column. These ganglia serve as relay stations for the sympathetic nervous system. Preganglionic neurons originating in the spinal cord project their axons to the sympathetic chain ganglia. Within the ganglia, these preganglionic fibers synapse with postganglionic neurons.The postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic trunk...
Secondary Spinal Cord Injury llI: Pathophysiology01:25

Secondary Spinal Cord Injury llI: Pathophysiology

Early Ischemia and Ionic ImbalanceWithin minutes of spinal cord injury, a secondary cascade begins, progressing over hours to weeks. Vascular damage reduces blood flow, causing ischemia and mitochondrial dysfunction. ATP depletion leads to ion pump failure, membrane depolarization, sodium influx, potassium efflux, and water accumulation, resulting in cellular swelling. Increased intracellular calcium further disrupts mitochondria and accelerates cellular injury.Excitotoxicity and Neuronal...
Cranial Nerves: Types Part II01:22

Cranial Nerves: Types Part II

Cranial nerves are responsible for transmitting motor and sensory information between the brain and various parts of the body. There are twelve pairs of cranial nerves. While the first six innervate the head and neck, the latter six nerves innervate the head and neck, as well as organs and tissues in the thoracic and abdominal cavities. They facilitate communication, expression, and autonomic control within the human body.
Facial Nerve (Cranial Nerve VII)
Cranial nerve VII, or the facial nerve,...
Spinal Cord Injury ll: Pathophysiology01:14

Spinal Cord Injury ll: Pathophysiology

Spinal cord injury progresses through two interconnected phases: primary injury and secondary injury.Primary InjuryPrimary injury happens at the moment of trauma and involves immediate mechanical damage to the spinal cord.Compression happens when broken vertebrae, herniated discs, or accumulating blood (such as a hematoma) press directly against the spinal cord, distorting its normal shape and function. In cases of contusion, the cord is bruised by a blunt force (like penetrating injuries or...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 2, 2026

Modified Radical Neck Dissection for Cervical Metastasis
06:05

Modified Radical Neck Dissection for Cervical Metastasis

Published on: February 20, 2026

Spinal accessory nerve neuropathy following neck dissection.

Luciana Pereira de Lima1, Ali Amar, Carlos Neutzling Lehn

  • 1Head and Neck Surgery Department, Hospital Heliópolis, Brazil.

Brazilian Journal of Otorhinolaryngology
|May 4, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Neck dissection can cause shoulder dysfunction by injuring the spinal accessory nerve. Surface electromyography (EMG) effectively evaluates trapezius muscle activity, aiding in early diagnosis and physical therapy for nerve injury.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 2, 2026

Modified Radical Neck Dissection for Cervical Metastasis
06:05

Modified Radical Neck Dissection for Cervical Metastasis

Published on: February 20, 2026

Area of Science:

  • Neurosurgery
  • Orthopedics
  • Physical Therapy

Background:

  • Neck dissection frequently leads to shoulder dysfunction due to spinal accessory nerve manipulation.
  • Trapezius muscle atrophy is a common consequence, particularly after posterior neck triangle procedures.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess spinal accessory nerve injury following neck dissection using electromyography (EMG).
  • To evaluate the effectiveness of surface EMG in diagnosing nerve dysfunction and guiding physical therapy.

Main Methods:

  • A prospective case series of 51 patients undergoing 60 neck dissections.
  • Surface EMG measured trapezius muscle electrical activity during voluntary contraction before and after surgery.
  • Patients were categorized based on dissection type, pain, abduction impairment, and muscle atrophy.

Main Results:

  • Median action potential decreased significantly from 54.3 microV pre-surgery to 11.6 microV post-surgery (p<0.001), a 70% reduction.
  • Dissections involving level IIb showed a median of 12.5 microV, while those including levels IIb and V had 8.9 microV (p<0.002).

Conclusions:

  • Surface EMG is a sensitive, painless method for evaluating spinal accessory nerve dysfunction.
  • Trapezius muscle EMG can confirm diagnoses and support early physical therapy interventions for spinal accessory nerve injuries.