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Related Concept Videos

ATP Driven Pumps III: V-type Pumps01:30

ATP Driven Pumps III: V-type Pumps

V-type pumps are ATP-driven pumps found in the vacuolar membranes of plants, yeast, endosomal and lysosomal membranes of animal cells, plasma membranes of a few specialized eukaryotic cells, and some prokaryotes. They are also known as the V1Vo-ATPase, that couple ATP hydrolysis to transport protons against a concentration gradient.
The peripheral or cytosolic V1 domain with eight subunits is involved in ATP hydrolysis. The integral or transmembrane V0 domain containing at least five subunits...
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Overview of Secretory Vesicles

Secretory vesicles, also known as dense core vesicles (DCVs), are membrane-bound vesicles that transport secretory proteins, such as hormones or neurotransmitters. Regulated secretory vesicles transport proteins from the trans-Golgi network to the exterior of the cell. Proteins present in regulated secretory vesicles are required to be rapidly exocytosed in large amounts upon a specific stimulus.
Various proteins regulate the aggregation of molecules inside the secretory vesicles. Chromogranins...
Intralumenal Vesicles and Multivesicular Bodies01:38

Intralumenal Vesicles and Multivesicular Bodies

Intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) are small vesicles 50-80 nm in diameter formed during the maturation of early endosomes. A specialized endosome containing numerous ILVs is called a multivesicular body (MVB). ILVs contain internalized molecules such as antigens, nucleic acids, proteins, and metabolites. Some of these molecules are released from the MVBs inside exosomes and are transported to other cells. Other MVBs contain molecules that are retained in the ILVs and are later degraded within the...
Lysosomes01:31

Lysosomes

Lysosomes are membrane-enclosed spherical sacs derived from the Golgi apparatus. The most important function of the lysosome is degrading macromolecules and biological polymers that are released during membrane trafficking events such as the secretory, endocytic, autophagic, and phagocytic pathways. The degradation is carried out by several hydrolytic enzymes active in an acidic environment of the lysosomal lumen. These acid hydrolases are involved in cellular processes such as cell signaling,...
The Apoplast and Symplast01:46

The Apoplast and Symplast

Plant growth depends on its ability to take up water and dissolved minerals from the soil. The root system of every plant is equipped with the necessary tissues to facilitate the entry of water and solutes. The plant tissues involved in the transport of water and minerals have two major compartments - the apoplast and the symplast. The apoplast includes everything outside the plasma membrane of living cells and consists of cell walls, extracellular spaces, xylem, phloem, and tracheids. The...
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Vesicular Tubular Clusters

After budding out from the ER membrane, some COPII vesicles lose their coat and fuse with one another to form larger vesicles and interconnected tubules called vesicular tubular clusters or VTCs. These clusters constitute a compartment at the ER-Golgi interface known as ERGIC (Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Intermediate Compartment). The ERGIC is a mobile membrane-bound cargo transport system that sorts proteins secreted from ER and delivers them to the Golgi.
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Purification of the Sarco-Endoplasmic Reticulum Ca2+-ATPase from Rabbit Muscle
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Structural studies of vacuolar plasmepsins.

Prasenjit Bhaumik1, Alla Gustchina, Alexander Wlodawer

  • 1Protein Structure Section, Macromolecular Crystallography Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.

Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta
|May 5, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Plasmepsins are key parasite enzymes targeted for new antimalarial drugs. Structural studies of these proteases offer insights for developing potent inhibitors against malaria.

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Parasitology
  • Structural Biology

Background:

  • Malaria affects millions globally, caused by Plasmodium parasites.
  • Drug-resistant parasite strains necessitate novel antimalarial therapies.
  • Plasmepsins (PMs) are crucial aspartic proteases for parasite survival.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review structural studies of Plasmodium vacuolar plasmepsins (PMI, PMII, PMIV, HAP).
  • To explore the structure-function relationship of these enzymes.
  • To highlight their potential as targets for new antimalarial drug development.

Main Methods:

  • Focus on crystallographic studies of vacuolar PMs and their orthologs.
  • Analysis of inhibitor complexes and zymogen structures.
  • Review of structural data from the past 15 years.

Main Results:

  • Detailed structural insights into vacuolar PMs (PMI, PMII, PMIV, HAP).
  • Understanding of structure-function relationships through various structural studies.
  • Identification of PMs as promising targets for antimalarial drug design.

Conclusions:

  • Structural information on vacuolar PMs is vital for drug development.
  • Inhibitors targeting these plasmepsins could form a new class of antimalarial drugs.
  • Further structural studies will aid in creating more effective antimalarial agents.