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Related Concept Videos

Reinforcement Schedules01:24

Reinforcement Schedules

Positive reinforcement is a powerful method for teaching new behaviors to both animals and humans. B.F. Skinner demonstrated this with his experiments using rats in a Skinner box. When a rat pressed a lever, it received a food pellet. This immediate reward encouraged the rat to repeat the behavior. This method, where a reward follows every instance of the behavior, is known as continuous reinforcement. It is highly effective for establishing new behaviors quickly.
Once a behavior is learned,...
Timing and Consequences on Behavior01:08

Timing and Consequences on Behavior

In operant conditioning, the timing of reinforcement is crucial. For animals like rats and cats, immediate reinforcement (within a few seconds) is much more effective than delayed reinforcement. For example, a food reward for a rat needs to follow within 30 seconds of pressing a bar to be effective. 
Humans, however, can respond to delayed reinforcers. We often make decisions between immediate small rewards and delayed larger rewards. This ability to delay gratification is a significant factor...
Chronopharmacokinetics: Circadian Rhythms and Influence on Drug Response01:15

Chronopharmacokinetics: Circadian Rhythms and Influence on Drug Response

Circadian rhythms are cyclic changes that are crucial in plasma drug concentrations. Various standard circadian parameters, including core body temperature, heart rate, and other cardiovascular factors, directly impact disease states and the therapeutic response to drug therapy.
The time of drug administration is an important factor to consider, as it can influence the toxic dose of a drug. For example, a study conducted by Prins et al. in 1997 examined the effects of the timing of...
Chronopharmacokinetics: Time-Dependent Pharmacokinetics01:20

Chronopharmacokinetics: Time-Dependent Pharmacokinetics

Chronopharmacokinetics studies the temporal change in drug absorption and elimination. These changes can be cyclical or non-cyclical. Cyclical changes occur over a regular interval, while non-cyclical changes occur over a longer, irregular period.
Time-dependent pharmacokinetics refers to non-cyclical changes in drug rate processes over a period of time. It can lead to nonlinear pharmacokinetics, where the relationship between drug concentration and time is not proportional. Non-cyclical...
Pharmacokinetic–Pharmacodynamic Relationship: Duration of Dose-Effect Relationship01:14

Pharmacokinetic–Pharmacodynamic Relationship: Duration of Dose-Effect Relationship

For drugs producing a quantal response, onset occurs when plasma concentration reaches a minimum effective level (Cmin). The drug's action duration depends on how long the plasma concentration remains above Cmin.Two primary factors influence this duration: dose size and the rate of drug removal from the action site. Both depend on the drug's redistribution to poorly perfused tissues and elimination processes. A larger dose promotes rapid onset and prolongs the effect's duration.Consider a...
Framing Effects03:26

Framing Effects

Information is everywhere and its presentation—such as how and when items are presented—can impact our perceptions and decisions surrounding the info. This broad concept umbrellas framing effects—influences that occur due to the way information is framed in its appearance, whether it’s purely the order or the specific wording of a message. Let’s take a look at numerous ways in which two versions of something can objectively say the same thing, yet we respond in different ways based on the...

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Three Laboratory Procedures for Assessing Different Manifestations of Impulsivity in Rats
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Fixed-time schedule effects in combination with response-dependent schedules.

John C Borrero1, Jamie A Bartels-Meints, Jolene R Sy

  • 1University of the Pacific, USA. jborrero@umbc.edu

Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis
|May 5, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Fixed-time (FT) reinforcement schedules reduced vocational task responding in adults with schizophrenia. Combining fixed-interval (FI) and FT schedules promoted response persistence, impacting behavior maintenance and treatment strategies.

Keywords:
conjoint schedulesnoncontingent reinforcementschizophreniatime-based schedulesvocational skills

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Last Updated: Jun 2, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Behavioral Psychology
  • Clinical Psychology
  • Psychiatric Research

Background:

  • Schizophrenia diagnosis impacts cognitive and behavioral functioning.
  • Reinforcement schedules are critical for shaping and maintaining behavior.
  • Understanding reinforcement effects is vital for therapeutic interventions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the impact of fixed-interval (FI), fixed-time (FT), and conjoint FI-FT reinforcement schedules.
  • To evaluate these schedules on vocational task responding in adults with schizophrenia.
  • To determine implications for behavior maintenance and treatment of problem behaviors.

Main Methods:

  • Employed fixed-interval (FI), fixed-time (FT), and combined FI-FT reinforcement schedules.
  • Observed and recorded vocational task responding in 3 adult participants diagnosed with schizophrenia.
  • Compared response rates across different reinforcement schedule conditions.

Main Results:

  • Fixed-time (FT) reinforcement alone decreased vocational task responding for 2 out of 3 participants compared to FI alone.
  • The conjoint FI-FT schedule led to increased response persistence in 2 out of 3 participants.
  • Findings highlight differential effects of reinforcement schedules on behavior.

Conclusions:

  • Fixed-time (FT) schedules may not effectively maintain desirable behavior in individuals with schizophrenia.
  • Conjoint FI-FT schedules show potential for promoting response persistence.
  • Results inform the application of reinforcement schedules in clinical settings, particularly for managing problem behaviors.