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Related Concept Videos

Tumor Progression02:07

Tumor Progression

Tumor progression is a phenomenon where the pre-formed tumor acquires successive mutations to become clinically more aggressive and malignant. In the 1950s, Foulds first described the stepwise progression of cancer cells through successive stages.
Colon cancer is one of the best-documented examples of tumor progression. Early mutation in the APC gene in colon cells causes a small growth on the colon wall called a polyp. With time, this polyp grows into a benign, pre-cancerous tumor. Further...
Cancers Originate from Somatic Mutations in a Single Cell02:21

Cancers Originate from Somatic Mutations in a Single Cell

Cancer arises from mutations in the critical genes that allow healthy cells to escape cell cycle regulation and acquire the ability to proliferate indefinitely. Though originating from a single mutation event in one of the originator cells, cancer progresses when the mutant cell lines continue to gain more and more mutations, and finally, become malignant. For example, chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) develops initially as a non-lethal increase in white blood cells, which progressively...
Metastasis02:30

Metastasis

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Cancer Stem Cells and Tumor Maintenance02:40

Cancer Stem Cells and Tumor Maintenance

Early diagnosis and treatment can often cure cancer. However, even with treatment, residual cells called cancer stem cells (CSC) might remain, often causing tumor recurrence. These cancer stem cells possess the potential for self-renewal and multi-lineage differentiation and are often responsible for the therapeutic resistance displayed in most cancers.
Cancer stem cells are thought to originate from tissue-specific normal stem cells or progenitor cells. The normal stem cells usually reside in...
Skin Cancer01:30

Skin Cancer

Skin cancer is a type of cancer that occurs when there is an abnormal growth of skin cells, usually triggered by damage to the DNA within the skin cells. It is primarily caused by exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or artificial sources like tanning beds. Skin cancer is the most common type of cancer worldwide, and its incidence continues to rise.
Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC): BCC is the most common type of skin cancer, accounting for about 80% of cases. It typically develops in...
Treatment Resistant Cancers02:56

Treatment Resistant Cancers

Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States. A cancer cell is genetically unstable and hence can mutate faster. They can also modify their microenvironment and escape immune surveillance. The difficulties in treating cancer are further compounded by the emergence of rapid resistance to anticancer drugs. The most common ways to attain resistance in cancer cells include alteration in drug transport and metabolism, modification of drug target, elevated DNA damage response, or...

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Updated: Jun 2, 2026

A Nonviral Approach to Generate Transient Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cells Using mRNA for Cancer Immunotherapy
09:56

A Nonviral Approach to Generate Transient Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cells Using mRNA for Cancer Immunotherapy

Published on: February 21, 2025

Second malignancies.

R Munker1, E Hiller, A Melnyk

  • 1UNIV TEXAS,MD ANDERSON CANC CTR,HOUSTON,TX. UNIV MUNICH,KLINIKUM GROSSHADERN,MED KLIN 3,D-8000 MUNICH,GERMANY. UNIV MAINZ,KINDERKLIN,D-6500 MAINZ,GERMANY.

International Journal of Oncology
|May 5, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cancer survivors face an increased risk of developing secondary malignant neoplasms (SMN). Treatment intensity and type, such as alkylating agents and radiation therapy, influence SMN risk, necessitating careful monitoring and prevention strategies.

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Last Updated: Jun 2, 2026

A Nonviral Approach to Generate Transient Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cells Using mRNA for Cancer Immunotherapy
09:56

A Nonviral Approach to Generate Transient Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cells Using mRNA for Cancer Immunotherapy

Published on: February 21, 2025

Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Cancer Research
  • Carcinogenesis

Background:

  • Secondary malignant neoplasms (SMN) are a significant concern following primary cancer treatment.
  • Understanding SMN mechanisms is crucial for improving long-term cancer patient outcomes.
  • Hodgkin's disease treatment, in particular, highlights the challenge of 'the price of success'.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the experience and literature on second malignant neoplasms (SMN).
  • To identify risk factors and molecular mechanisms associated with SMN.
  • To analyze SMN patterns in various primary cancers including Hodgkin's disease, pediatric cancers, and breast/lung cancer.

Main Methods:

  • Literature search of Medline (1989-1995) focusing on SMN reports.
  • Analysis of risk factors and molecular mechanisms of tumor induction.
  • Review of primary malignancies including Hodgkin's disease, pediatric cancer, breast cancer, and lung cancer.

Main Results:

  • Hodgkin's disease patients have a 3-5 fold increased risk of SMN (11-18% cumulative incidence over 15 years).
  • Increased risk observed for leukemias (linked to alkylating agents) and solid tumors like lung/breast cancer (linked to radiation).
  • Genetic factors play a larger role in pediatric SMN; familial cancer syndromes are also implicated.

Conclusions:

  • Current treatments may pose a lower SMN risk than historical approaches.
  • Close follow-up, advanced molecular screening, and targeted prevention are essential.
  • Balancing SMN prevention with primary tumor cure rates is paramount for future cancer therapies.