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Related Concept Videos

Anatomy of the Ear01:16

Anatomy of the Ear

Auditory sensation, commonly called hearing, involves the transformation of sonic waves into neural impulses facilitated by the structures of the auditory organ. The prominent, flesh-like structure on the side of the head, called the auricle, directs sound waves towards the auditory canal. The auricle is often mislabeled as the pinna, a term more aligned with mobile structures like a feline's external ear. The auditory canal penetrates the cranium via the external auditory meatus of the...
Cranial Bones: Lateral View01:27

Cranial Bones: Lateral View

The lateral view of the cranium is dominated by temporal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones.
The temporal bone forms the lower lateral side of the skull. The temporal bone is subdivided into several regions. The flattened upper portion is the squamous portion of the temporal bone. Below this area and projecting anteriorly is the zygomatic process of the temporal bone, which forms the posterior portion of the zygomatic arch. Posteriorly is the mastoid portion of the temporal bone. Projecting...
The Auditory Ossicles01:11

The Auditory Ossicles

The auditory ossicles of the middle ear transmit sounds from the air as vibrations to the fluid-filled cochlea. The auditory ossicles consist of two malleus (hammer) bones, two incus (anvil) bones, and two stapes (stirrups), one on each side. These bones develop during the fetal stage and are the ones to ossify first. They are fully mature at birth and do not grow afterward.
The aptly named stapes look very much like a stirrup. The three ossicles are unique to mammals, and each plays a role in...
The Cochlea01:13

The Cochlea

The cochlea is a coiled structure in the inner ear that contains hair cells—the sensory receptors of the auditory system. Sound waves are transmitted to the cochlea by small bones attached to the eardrum called the ossicles, which vibrate the oval window that leads to the inner ear. This causes fluid in the chambers of the cochlea to move, vibrating the basilar membrane.
Cranial Bones: Superior and Posterior View01:14

Cranial Bones: Superior and Posterior View

The superior view of the cranium shows the frontal and paired parietal bones.
The frontal bone is the single bone that forms the forehead. At its anterior midline, between the eyebrows, there is a slight depression called the glabella. The frontal bone also forms the supraorbital margin of the orbit. Near the middle of this margin is the supraorbital foramen, the opening that provides passage for a sensory nerve to the forehead. The frontal bone is thickened just above each supraorbital margin,...
Sutures of the Skull01:22

Sutures of the Skull

The human skull is composed of several bones that come together to protect the brain and support the structures of the face. The junctions where these bones meet are called sutures.
Sutures are immobile joints between adjacent bones of the skull. The narrow gap between the bones is filled with dense, fibrous connective tissue that unites the bones. The long sutures located between the skull bones are not straight but instead follow irregular, tightly twisting paths. These twisting lines tightly...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 2, 2026

Extracting the Cochlea from a Human Temporal Bone: A Cadaveric Protocol
06:42

Extracting the Cochlea from a Human Temporal Bone: A Cadaveric Protocol

Published on: August 18, 2023

[An anatomic facsimile model with origin inner ear structures for temporal bone preparations].

U Vorwerk1, K-H Grote, C Beyer

  • 1Otto-von-Guericke Universität, Univ. HNO-Klinik, Magdeburg.

Laryngo- Rhino- Otologie
|May 6, 2011
PubMed
Summary

New Anatomical Facsimile Models (AFM) replicate human temporal bones for otosurgery training. Rapid prototyping enables precise, accessible models for practicing cochlear implant electrode insertion.

More Related Videos

Discovering Middle Ear Anatomy by Transcanal Endoscopic Ear Surgery: A Dissection Manual
10:40

Discovering Middle Ear Anatomy by Transcanal Endoscopic Ear Surgery: A Dissection Manual

Published on: January 11, 2018

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 2, 2026

Extracting the Cochlea from a Human Temporal Bone: A Cadaveric Protocol
06:42

Extracting the Cochlea from a Human Temporal Bone: A Cadaveric Protocol

Published on: August 18, 2023

Discovering Middle Ear Anatomy by Transcanal Endoscopic Ear Surgery: A Dissection Manual
10:40

Discovering Middle Ear Anatomy by Transcanal Endoscopic Ear Surgery: A Dissection Manual

Published on: January 11, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Otolaryngology
  • Medical Education
  • Biomedical Engineering

Context:

  • Microsurgical dissection is crucial for otosurgery training.
  • Limited availability of human temporal bone specimens hinders practice.
  • Need for realistic anatomical models for surgical simulation.

Purpose:

  • To develop Anatomical Facsimile Models (AFM) of the temporal bone using rapid prototyping.
  • To create accurate replicas of delicate inner ear structures like the cochlea.
  • To provide accessible training tools for otosurgery.

Summary:

  • AFM were constructed using rapid prototyping based on high-resolution CT scans.
  • These models precisely reproduce the intricate cavity structures of the temporal bone, including the cochlea and semicircular canals.
  • The models feature hollow internal structures, facilitating practice with cochlear implant electrode insertion.

Impact:

  • Enables mass production of identical, high-fidelity temporal bone models.
  • Offers realistic training scenarios with material properties similar to original bone.
  • Enhances otosurgery training by providing consistent and accessible practice models.