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Related Concept Videos

Amino acids03:42

Amino acids

Amino acids are the monomers that comprise proteins. Each amino acid has the same fundamental structure, which consists of a central carbon atom, or the alpha (α) carbon, bonded to an amino group (NH2), a carboxyl group (COOH), and to a hydrogen atom. Every amino acid also has another atom or group of atoms bonded to the central atom known as the R group. There are 20 common amino acids present in proteins, each with a different R group. Variation in the amino acid sequence is responsible for...
Amines to Amides: Acylation of Amines01:19

Amines to Amides: Acylation of Amines

Various carboxylic acid derivatives (such as acid chlorides, esters, and anhydrides) can be used for the acylation of amines to yield amides. The reaction requires two equivalents of amines. The first amine molecule functions as a nucleophile and attacks the carbonyl carbon to produce a tetrahedral intermediate. This is followed by the loss of the leaving group and restoration of the C=O bond.
Next, the second equivalent of amine serves as a Brønsted base and deprotonates the quaternary amide...
Ion Exchange01:17

Ion Exchange

Ion exchange chromatography separates charged molecules from a solution by reversibly exchanging them with mobile, or 'active', ions associated with the oppositely charged stationary phase. This method can be used to separate ions, soften and deionize water, and purify solutions. The polymers comprising the ion-exchange column are high-molecular-weight and chemically stable polymers, crosslinked to be porous and essentially insoluble. They are also functionalized with either acidic or basic...
Polyprotic Acids03:38

Polyprotic Acids

Acids are classified by the number of protons per molecule that they can give up in a reaction. Acids such as HCl, HNO3, and HCN that contain one ionizable hydrogen atom in each molecule are called monoprotic acids. Their reactions with water are:
Acid Halides to Amides: Aminolysis01:07

Acid Halides to Amides: Aminolysis

Aminolysis is a nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction, where ammonia or amines act as nucleophiles to give the substitution product. Acid halides react with ammonia, primary amines, and secondary amines to yield primary, secondary, and tertiary amides, respectively.
In the first step of the aminolysis mechanism, the amine attacks the carbonyl carbon of the acyl chloride to form a tetrahedral intermediate. In the second step, the carbonyl group is re-formed with the elimination of a chloride...
Water: A Bronsted-Lowry Acid and Base02:30

Water: A Bronsted-Lowry Acid and Base

The reaction between a Brønsted-Lowry acid and water is called acid ionization. For example, when hydrogen fluoride dissolves in water and ionizes, protons are transferred from hydrogen fluoride molecules to water molecules, yielding hydronium ions and fluoride ions:

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 2, 2026

Reproductive Techniques for Ovarian Monitoring and Control in Amphibians
04:37

Reproductive Techniques for Ovarian Monitoring and Control in Amphibians

Published on: May 12, 2019

Amphipols from A to Z.

J-L Popot1, T Althoff, D Bagnard

  • 1Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, CNRS/Université Paris-7 UMR 7099, Paris, France. Jean-Luc.Popot@ibpc.fr

Annual Review of Biophysics
|May 7, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Amphipols (APols) are versatile polymers that solubilize integral membrane proteins (MPs), enhancing their stability and enabling various applications. These APol-MP complexes offer improved biochemical stability over traditional detergent solutions.

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Construction and Systematical Symmetric Studies of a Series of Supramolecular Clusters with Binary or Ternary Ammonium Triphenylacetates
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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry and Biophysics
  • Protein Science
  • Polymer Chemistry

Background:

  • Integral membrane proteins (MPs) are crucial for cellular functions but challenging to study due to their hydrophobic nature.
  • Detergents are commonly used to solubilize MPs but can alter their structure and function.
  • Amphipols (APols) are emerging as effective alternatives to detergents for MP stabilization.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the structure, behavior, and complex formation of amphipols with integral membrane proteins.
  • To discuss the mechanisms by which amphipols stabilize membrane proteins.
  • To highlight the diverse applications of amphipol-membrane protein complexes.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on amphipol-membrane protein interactions.
  • Analysis of structural, dynamic, and solution properties of APol-MP complexes.
  • Compilation of experimental data on amphipol efficacy across various membrane proteins.

Main Results:

  • All tested integral membrane proteins form water-soluble complexes with amphipols.
  • Amphipol-bound MPs exhibit significantly improved biochemical stability compared to detergent-solubilized MPs.
  • Amphipols preserve the functionality and ligand-binding properties of membrane proteins.

Conclusions:

  • Amphipols are highly effective in maintaining the solubility, stability, and functionality of integral membrane proteins.
  • Amphipol-MP complexes offer a superior platform for various applications, including structural studies and therapeutic development.
  • Amphipols represent a promising tool for advancing membrane protein research and biotechnology.