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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 2, 2026

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Published on: May 12, 2016

Force interaction and 3D pole movement in double poling.

T Stöggl1, H-C Holmberg

  • 1Department of Sport Science and Kinesiology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria. thomas.stoeggl@sbg.ac.at

Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports
|May 7, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Elite skiers maximize speed by optimizing double poling technique, focusing on longer cycle times and precise pole force application. Training should enhance specific strength for pole force production and its effective use during skiing.

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Area of Science:

  • Sports Biomechanics
  • Exercise Physiology
  • Cross-country Skiing Performance

Background:

  • Double poling is a critical technique in cross-country skiing.
  • Understanding the biomechanics of double poling at high speeds is essential for performance optimization.
  • Previous research has not fully elucidated the relationship between specific pole force components and maximal skiing speed.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze double poling using combined kinetic and 3D kinematic analysis at high skiing speeds.
  • To investigate the relationship between pole force components, pole angles, pole behavior, and maximal skiing speed (Vmax).
  • To test the hypothesis that horizontal pole force is more predictive of Vmax than resultant pole force.

Main Methods:

  • Sixteen elite skiers performed a maximal speed double poling test on a treadmill roller ski setup.
  • Pole forces and 3D kinematics of pole movement were analyzed at a skiing speed of 30 km/h.
  • Data were correlated with individual maximal skiing speed (Vmax).

Main Results:

  • The duration of the 'preparation phase' demonstrated the strongest correlation with Vmax (r=0.87, P<0.001).
  • Faster skiers exhibited longer cycle lengths, extended swing and poling times, reduced pole inclination at pole plant, and delayed peak pole force.
  • Horizontal pole forces were not more strongly related to Vmax than resultant pole force; impact force was unrelated to Vmax.

Conclusions:

  • At high speeds, skiers should integrate high pole forces with optimized timing and body/pole positioning during poling and swing phases.
  • Training emphasis should focus on developing specific strength for pole force generation and its application in double poling.
  • The 'preparation phase' duration is a key determinant of maximal skiing speed in double poling.