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Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS)

Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS)

Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) is the combination of analytical techniques of gas chromatography and mass spectrometry in a single instrument for analyzing a mixture of compounds. The gas chromatograph separates the compounds in the mixture, and the mass spectrometer analyzes each compound separately to determine the molecular masses and molecular structures.
A gas chromatograph consists of a long, narrow capillary column with a polysiloxane coating on the inner wall. The coating...

Gas Chromatography: Introduction

Gas Chromatography: Introduction

Gas chromatography (GC) is a technique for separating and analyzing volatile compounds in a sample. Its primary purpose is to identify and quantify components in complex mixtures, making it essential in fields such as environmental analysis, pharmaceuticals, and petrochemicals. GC is also called vapor-phase chromatography (VPC) or gas-liquid partition chromatography (GLPC).
In GC, a sample is vaporized and mixed with an inert carrier gas (the mobile phase), which transports it through a column.

Mass Spectrometry: Complex Analysis

Mass Spectrometry: Complex Analysis

Mass spectrometry is an important technique for the identification of pure compounds. However, it has some limitations for the analysis of complex mixtures, often due to excessive fragmentation making the spectrum too complicated to decipher. Mass spectrometry can be combined with suitable separation methods in sequence, forming hyphenated methods, which are useful in the analysis of complex mixtures.
GC–MS is a powerful hyphenated method commonly used in forensics and environmental...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 2, 2026

Profiling Volatile Compounds in Blackcurrant Fruit using Headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction Coupled to Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry

Profiling Volatile Compounds in Blackcurrant Fruit using Headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction Coupled to Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry

Published on: June 9, 2021

Profiling allergic asthma volatile metabolic patterns using a headspace-solid phase microextraction/gas

M Caldeira¹, A S Barros, M J Bilelo

¹QOPNA, Departamento de Química, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.

Journal of Chromatography. A

|May 7, 2011

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Volatile organic compounds in exhaled breath can help diagnose allergic asthma in children. Optimized headspace solid-phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography-quadrupole mass spectrometry identified key biomarkers, achieving 88% classification accuracy.

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Real-time Breath Analysis by Using Secondary Nanoelectrospray Ionization Coupled to High Resolution Mass Spectrometry

Real-time Breath Analysis by Using Secondary Nanoelectrospray Ionization Coupled to High Resolution Mass Spectrometry

Published on: March 9, 2018

Area of Science:

Analytical Chemistry
Biochemistry
Pediatric Pulmonology

Background:

Allergic asthma is a growing public health concern, particularly in children.
Exhaled breath analysis offers a non-invasive method for assessing lower respiratory tract conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop and optimize a headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) method for analyzing volatile profiles in children's exhaled breath.
To identify metabolic volatile biomarkers differentiating children with allergic asthma from healthy controls.

Main Methods:

Optimization of HS-SPME parameters: fibre coating (DVB/CAR/PDMS), temperature (22 °C), and extraction time (60 min).
Gas chromatography-quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC-qMS) for volatile compound identification.
Partial Least Squares-Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA) for statistical analysis and classification.

Main Results:

The optimized method successfully identified 44 volatile compounds in exhaled breath.
PLS-DA achieved an 88% classification rate between allergic asthma and control children.
Allergic asthma patients showed elevated levels of compounds linked to oxidative stress, such as alkanes and aldehydes.

Conclusions:

The developed HS-SPME/GC-qMS methodology is effective for analyzing exhaled breath volatile profiles in pediatric allergic asthma.
Specific volatile compounds, particularly those related to oxidative stress, can serve as biomarkers for allergic asthma in children.
Integrating volatile metabolite data with clinical information enhances diagnostic insights.