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Diabetes: Management and Pharmacotherapy

Diabetes: Management and Pharmacotherapy

The therapy for diabetes aims to alleviate hyperglycemia-related symptoms, prevent acute metabolic decompensation, and reduce chronic end-organ complications. Glycemic control is evaluated through short-term (self-monitoring, continuous glucose monitoring) and long-term (A1c, fructosamine) metrics, enabling near real-time tracking of blood glucose levels and reflecting glycemic control over specific time frames.
Insulin remains the cornerstone of treatment for most patients with type 1 and many...

Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype

Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels due to inadequate insulin production, insulin resistance, or both. The condition affects millions worldwide and can significantly impact their health and quality of life.
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. As a result, the body is unable to produce sufficient insulin, and individuals with...

Type I Diabetes I: Introduction

Type I Diabetes I: Introduction

Type 1 diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by an absolute deficiency of insulin resulting from the autoimmune destruction of pancreatic β-cells. Although it can occur at any age, it is most commonly diagnosed in childhood, adolescence, or early adulthood. The loss of insulin production impairs cellular glucose uptake, resulting in persistent hyperglycemia and necessitating lifelong insulin therapy.Autoimmune Destruction of β-CellsThe hallmark of type 1 diabetes is an...

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational

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Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...

Type I Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

Type I Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

Type 1 diabetes mellitus arises from an immune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β-cells, resulting in an absolute deficiency of insulin. This process develops in genetically susceptible individuals when autoimmunity, environmental exposures, and immunologic dysregulation converge to trigger a targeted attack on the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas. The β-cells are located within the islets of Langerhans and are essential for regulating blood glucose by facilitating cellular uptake of...

Type I Diabetes III: Clinical Manifestations

Type I Diabetes III: Clinical Manifestations

Type 1 diabetes mellitus typically presents with rapid-onset symptoms due to the body’s inability to utilize glucose in the absence of insulin. Since insulin is required for glucose uptake into cells, its deficiency leads to hyperglycemia and cellular energy deprivation, resulting in characteristic clinical features.Polyuria and PolydipsiaOne of the earliest, most prominent symptoms is polyuria (excessive urination). When blood glucose concentrations rise above the renal threshold, the kidneys...

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Updated: Jun 2, 2026

Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital

Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital

Published on: June 11, 2012

Diabetes: glycaemic control in type 1.

Lalantha Leelarathna¹, Rustom Guzder, Koteshwara Muralidhara

¹Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge and Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK.

BMJ Clinical Evidence

|May 10, 2011

Summary

This systematic review evaluates treatments for type 1 diabetes, including insulin regimens, blood glucose monitoring, and psychological interventions. Evidence supports various interventions for managing type 1 diabetes effectively.

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A Zebrafish Model of Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolic Memory

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Last Updated: Jun 2, 2026

Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital

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Published on: June 11, 2012

A Zebrafish Model of Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolic Memory

A Zebrafish Model of Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolic Memory

Published on: February 28, 2013

Area of Science:

Endocrinology
Metabolic Disorders
Autoimmune Diseases

Background:

Type 1 diabetes results from autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells, leading to insulin deficiency.
This condition necessitates lifelong management of blood glucose levels.

Purpose of the Study:

To systematically review the effectiveness and safety of various interventions for type 1 diabetes in adults and adolescents.
To answer clinical questions regarding intensive treatment programs, psychological and educational interventions, insulin regimens, and blood glucose monitoring frequency.

Main Methods:

Conducted a systematic literature search of major databases (Medline, Embase, Cochrane Library) up to February 2010.
Included systematic reviews, randomized controlled trials (RCTs), and observational studies.
Incorporated safety alerts from regulatory agencies (FDA, MHRA).

Main Results:

Analyzed 42 systematic reviews, RCTs, and observational studies meeting inclusion criteria.
Evaluated the quality of evidence using the GRADE system.
Synthesized information on the effectiveness and safety of diverse interventions.

Conclusions:

Presents findings on the effectiveness and safety of different insulin administration frequencies (CSII vs. MDI).
Summarizes evidence on various blood glucose monitoring methods (CGM vs. intermittent).
Details the impact of educational, intensive, and psychological interventions on type 1 diabetes management.