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Related Concept Videos

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The iodine is then...
Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
Goiter01:27

Goiter

Goiter refers to an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland that may appear as a diffuse goiter (uniform enlargement) or nodular (single or multiple nodules). Functionally, it is classified as nontoxic (normal/low hormone levels) or toxic (excess hormone production).PathophysiologyDiffuse thyroid enlargement typically results from prolonged stimulation by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) or TSH-like agents, commonly seen in hypothyroidism or iodine deficiency. In contrast, in hyperthyroid...
Serum Studies: Renal Function Tests01:24

Serum Studies: Renal Function Tests

Renal function tests are crucial for assessing kidney health, monitoring disease progression, and evaluating the kidneys' efficiency in waste elimination, fluid balance, and electrolyte regulation. These tests offer critical insights into kidney function, even though routine measurements may appear normal until there is a significant decline in the glomerular filtration rate or GFR. Typically, signs of kidney impairment only become evident when the GFR falls to about 50% of its normal level.
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 2, 2026

Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model
04:39

Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model

Published on: March 17, 2023

Reference limits for serum thyrotropin in a Japanese population.

Ai Yoshihara1, Jaeduk Yoshimura Noh, Hidemi Ohye

  • 1Ito Hospital, Tokyo, Japan. a-yoshihara@ex.ito-hospital.jp

Endocrine Journal
|May 10, 2011
PubMed
Summary

This study established new reference intervals for serum thyrotropin (TSH) levels in Japanese adults. TSH levels increased with age, highlighting the need for age-specific reference ranges to avoid misdiagnosis.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 2, 2026

Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model
04:39

Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model

Published on: March 17, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Clinical Chemistry

Background:

  • Thyrotropin (TSH) is a key hormone regulating thyroid function.
  • Establishing accurate reference intervals for TSH is crucial for diagnosing thyroid disorders.
  • Previous TSH reference ranges may not be applicable to all populations, particularly with aging.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine new reference intervals for serum TSH levels in a Japanese population.
  • To investigate the influence of age on serum TSH levels in healthy individuals.
  • To provide race- and age-specific TSH reference ranges.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective analysis of serum TSH levels from 1388 Japanese adults (≥20 years).
  • Exclusion of subjects with thyroid disease, positive antithyroid antibodies, pregnancy, or relevant medications.
  • Thyroid ultrasonography was performed to confirm normal thyroid glands.

Main Results:

  • Serum TSH levels showed a trend towards higher ranges with increasing age.
  • Specific reference ranges were calculated for different age groups (e.g., 0.39-4.29 mIU/L for 20-29 years, 0.62-6.15 mIU/L for >70 years).
  • The upper limit of normal serum TSH increased with age in the studied Japanese population.

Conclusions:

  • Age-specific reference limits for serum TSH are important for accurate diagnosis in the Japanese population.
  • The findings suggest that current TSH reference ranges may lead to misclassification, especially in older adults.
  • Further research with larger elderly cohorts is recommended to refine these age-specific ranges.