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Related Concept Videos

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for injury repair.
Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming01:14

Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...
Oogenesis02:07

Oogenesis

In human women, oogenesis produces one mature egg cell or ovum for every precursor cell that enters meiosis. This process differs in two unique ways from the equivalent procedure of spermatogenesis in males. First, meiotic divisions during oogenesis are asymmetric, meaning that a large oocyte (containing most of the cytoplasm) and minor polar body are produced as a result of meiosis I, and again following meiosis II. Since only oocytes will go on to form embryos if fertilized, this unequal...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 2, 2026

Nuclear Transfer into Mouse Oocytes
14:17

Nuclear Transfer into Mouse Oocytes

Published on: November 30, 2006

Nuclear transfer to eggs and oocytes.

J B Gurdon1, Ian Wilmut

  • 1Wellcome Trust Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom. j.gurdon@gurdon.cam.ac.uk

Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology
|May 11, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Somatic cell nuclear transfer reveals that some adult cell nuclei can be reprogrammed to a totipotent state. However, developmental abnormalities increase with cell differentiation, highlighting key reprogramming mechanisms.

Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Cell Biology
  • Reproductive Biology

Background:

  • Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) involves transplanting nuclei from somatic cells into enucleated eggs or oocytes.
  • This technique is crucial for studying nuclear reprogramming and developmental potential.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review SCNT experiments in amphibians and mammals.
  • To understand the totipotency of somatic cell nuclei and factors influencing reprogramming.
  • To elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying egg and oocyte-mediated reprogramming.

Main Methods:

  • Review of published experiments involving single nuclear transfer to enucleated eggs (metaphase II) in amphibians and mammals.
  • Review of experiments involving multiple nuclear transfer to amphibian oocyte germinal vesicles (prophase I).

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Transnuclear Mice with Pre-defined T Cell Receptor Specificities Against Toxoplasma gondii Obtained Via SCNT
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Transnuclear Mice with Pre-defined T Cell Receptor Specificities Against Toxoplasma gondii Obtained Via SCNT

Published on: September 30, 2010

Fertilization of Xenopus oocytes using the Host Transfer Method
09:20

Fertilization of Xenopus oocytes using the Host Transfer Method

Published on: November 2, 2010

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 2, 2026

Nuclear Transfer into Mouse Oocytes
14:17

Nuclear Transfer into Mouse Oocytes

Published on: November 30, 2006

Transnuclear Mice with Pre-defined T Cell Receptor Specificities Against Toxoplasma gondii Obtained Via SCNT
13:36

Transnuclear Mice with Pre-defined T Cell Receptor Specificities Against Toxoplasma gondii Obtained Via SCNT

Published on: September 30, 2010

Fertilization of Xenopus oocytes using the Host Transfer Method
09:20

Fertilization of Xenopus oocytes using the Host Transfer Method

Published on: November 2, 2010

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated totipotency of certain somatic cell nuclei following nuclear transfer.
  • Observed cell type switching and altered gene expression in reconstructed embryos.
  • Documented a significant increase in developmental abnormalities with increasing donor cell differentiation.

Conclusions:

  • Egg and oocyte environments possess mechanisms to reprogram somatic cell nuclei.
  • Key factors in reprogramming include chromosomal protein exchange, transcription factor availability, and chromatin accessibility.
  • The degree of somatic cell differentiation impacts the success of nuclear reprogramming.