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Knee Joint

Knee Joint

The knee joint is the most complicated joint in the body. It consists of three articulations– two tibiofemoral and one patellofemoral. As is characteristic of synovial joints, the knee joint has a thin articular capsule that partially surrounds this joint cavity. Additionally, several ligaments, muscles, and cartilaginous structures support the movement of the knee.
A total of seven ligaments support the knee joint. The patellar ligament, which is also attached to the quadriceps femoris group...

Bones of the Lower Limb: Femur and Patella

Bones of the Lower Limb: Femur and Patella

The femur is the body's longest and strongest bone spanning the thigh region. Its head articulates with the acetabulum of the hip bone to form the hip joint. A minor indentation on the medial side of the femoral head, called the fovea capitis, serves as the site of attachment for the ligament of the head of the femur. This weak ligament spans the femur and acetabulum and supports the hip joint. The narrowed region below the head is the neck of the femur. The inclination angle between the neck...

Cranial and Spinal Meninges

Cranial and Spinal Meninges

The cranial and spinal meninges are complex protective structures surrounding the central nervous system (CNS), consisting of the brain and spinal cord. These meninges consist of the dura mater, the arachnoid mater, and the pia mater. They protect the CNS, provide structural support, and aid in circulating cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
Cranial Meninges
These meningeal layers cover the cranium. The dura mater is the outermost layer of cranial meninges. It is a thick and durable membrane of dense...

Structural Joints: Cartilaginous Joints

Structural Joints: Cartilaginous Joints

As the name indicates, at a cartilaginous joint, the adjacent bones are united by cartilage, a tough but flexible type of connective tissue. Unlike synovial joints, these types of joints lack a joint cavity and involve bones joined together by either hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage.
There are two types of cartilaginous joints:
Synchondrosis
A synchondrosis ("joined by cartilage") is a cartilaginous joint where bones are connected by hyaline cartilage. Synchondrosis may be temporary or...

Layers of Connective Tissue Proper

Layers of Connective Tissue Proper

Fascia, a thin layer of fibrous connective tissue, is distributed throughout the body. It demarcates and forms a supportive covering over skeletal muscles, bones, blood vessels, and organs. There are three main types of facia— superficial fascia, deep fascia, and subserous fascia. These are all present at different depths in the body. Fascia reduces the friction and permits muscles, joints, and organs to easily slide against each other, facilitating movement of the body and preventing tearing...

Layers of the Heart Wall

Layers of the Heart Wall

The heart wall comprises three distinct layers: the epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium. The outermost layer, the epicardium, is the visceral layer of the serous pericardium, featuring a thin, transparent mesothelial surface and an inner layer of areolar connective tissue with fat deposits that increase with age.
The myocardium, the thickest layer, consists of cardiac muscle cells interconnected by intercalated discs and crisscrossing connective tissue fibers. These muscle fibers contract...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 2, 2026

Arthroscopic Excision of Posterior Cruciate Ligament Cysts Using a Double Posteromedial Approach

Arthroscopic Excision of Posterior Cruciate Ligament Cysts Using a Double Posteromedial Approach

Published on: October 20, 2023

Double-layered lateral meniscus.

Qi Wang¹, Xian-min Liu, Song-bo Liu

¹The General Hospital of Shenyang Military Commanding Area, 83# Wenhua Road, 110016, Shenyang, China.

Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy : Official Journal of the ESSKA

|May 11, 2011

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

A rare case of double-layered lateral meniscus, featuring an accessory hemimeniscus, was successfully treated with arthroscopic resection. This anatomical abnormality significantly improved patient symptoms.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 2, 2026

Arthroscopic Excision of Posterior Cruciate Ligament Cysts Using a Double Posteromedial Approach

Arthroscopic Excision of Posterior Cruciate Ligament Cysts Using a Double Posteromedial Approach

Published on: October 20, 2023

Area of Science:

Orthopedic Surgery
Human Anatomy

Background:

The lateral meniscus is a crucial C-shaped fibrocartilage in the knee joint, stabilizing the femur and tibia.
Anatomical variations of the meniscus can lead to knee pain and mechanical symptoms.

Observation:

A unique case of a double-layered lateral meniscus was identified.
This anomaly included an accessory proximal hemimeniscus situated above the normal lateral meniscus.
The accessory hemimeniscus was thinner, more mobile, and detached from the joint capsule.

Findings:

Arthroscopic resection of the accessory hemimeniscus was performed.
The patient experienced significant symptom improvement following the procedure.

Implications:

This case highlights an extremely rare anatomical variation of the lateral meniscus.
Understanding such anomalies is vital for accurate diagnosis and effective treatment of knee pathologies.